Bottom Line: More than half of nursing home residents with advanced dementia (a terminal illness marked by severe cognitive impairment and functional dependence) continue to receive medications of questionable benefit (including medications to treat dementia and lower cholesterol) at substantial financial cost.
Author: Jennifer Tjia, M.D., M.S.C.E., of the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and colleagues.
Background: The Institute of Medicine recommends clinicians minimize interventions in patients with life-limiting disease and instead focus on maximizing quality of life. Few studies have examined the use of chronic disease medications in patients with advanced dementia. Data also is lacking on the associated costs of such prescribing patterns.
How the Study Was Conducted: The authors used a long-term care pharmacy database to study medications used by nursing home residents with advanced dementia. They analyzed use of medications deemed of questionable benefit for patients with advanced dementia based on published criteria and the average 90-day expenditures attributable to those medications.
Results: Of the 5,406 nursing home residents with advanced dementia, 53.9 percent of the residents (n=2,911) received at least one medication of questionable benefit and the use these medications varied by region, ranging from 44.7 percent in the Mid-Atlantic census region to 65 percent in the West South Central census region. The most commonly prescribed medications were the dementia therapies cholinesterase inhibitors (36.4 percent) and memantine hydrochloride (25.2 percent), as well as cholesterol-lowering medications (22.4 percent). The likelihood of receiving medications of questionable benefit was lower for patients with eating problems, a feeding tube, a do-not-resuscitate order or who had enrolled in hospice. However, living in a nursing home with a high prevalence of feeding tube use (greater than 10 percent) was associated with a greater likelihood of being prescribed questionably beneficial medications compared with those residents who lived in nursing homes where the use of feeding tubes was less (5 percent or less). The average 90-day cost for a medication of questionable benefit was $816 and that accounted for 35.2 percent of the total average 90-day medication expenditures for patients with advanced dementia.
Discussion: "Our findings have important implications because the use of prescription medications in patients with advanced illness presents a burden to the health care system and to patients."
(JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 8, 2014. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4103. Available pre-embargo to the media at http://media.jamanetwork.com.)
Editor's Note: An author made a conflict of interest disclosure. The study was supported by a grant from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and other grants. Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.
Commentary: Improving Prescribing Practices Late in Life
In a related commentary, Greg A. Sachs, M.D., of Indiana University School of Medicine and Eskenazi Health, Indianapolis, writes: "I hope that the article by Tjia and colleagues in this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine is read not just by clinicians who care for patients with advanced dementia and nursing home residents. The article contributes to the literature and practice in two important ways."
"First, the study's strengths advance our understanding of medication prescribing practices for nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Second, the work by Tjia et al is part of the 'Less is More' series in this journal and addresses the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation's Choosing Wisely campaign and other initiatives aimed at curtailing the use of nonbeneficial and potentially harmful medications, tests and treatments. This article should cause all clinicians to reconsider their prescribing practices and other decision making for a broad population of patients late in life," he concludes.
(JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 8, 2014. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3277. Available pre-embargo to the media at http://media.jamanetwork.com.)
Editor's Note: The author made conflict of interest disclosures. Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.
Media Advisory: To contact Jennifer Tjia, M.D., M.S.C.E., call Lisa Larson at 508-856-2000 or email Lisa.larson@umassmed.edu. To contact commentary author Greg A. Sachs, M.D., call Cindy Fox Aisen at 317-843-2276 or email caisen@iupui.edu
Journal
JAMA Internal Medicine