The past and future of the human genome project

Double helix with a twist

Los Alamos became interested in genetics early in the Lab’s history. The Lab established health research units because radiation was known to cause cell injury and genetic mutation. Researchers conducted early biological research on whole animals to understand better the physio- logic and genetic consequences of radiation exposure and to set rational dose limitations for workers. In the 1960s, as this knowledge base expanded, studies became increasingly sophisticated and included investigations at the cellular and subcellular levels.

By the 1970s, Lab scientists were recognized world leaders in the area of cell biology, especially in the development of instruments that could rapidly measure the volume of each cell in a large cell population. Researchers further refined those instruments, called flow cytometers, to detect fluorescence emitted by stained cells. These instruments later were used to analyze chromosomes as well as whole cells.

In the 1980s, the flow-cytometry resources at Los Alamos combined with newly developed recombinant-DNA technology to construct a series of DNA libraries that represented the DNA in each of the human chromosomes. These libraries were used with other laboratories throughout the world; they provided a means of rapidly mapping the locations of human genes. It was also during this period that a group of Lab researchers created a national repository to store DNA sequence information. The repository was called GenBank and is now maintained by the NIH.

The Los Alamos Center for Human Genome Studies —established in 1988 —better organized the effort to map and sequence the human genome and make these data available to the research community. The Lab’s program became part of the international Human Genome Project in 1990.

One of the Lab’s biggest accomplishments in genome research was the construction of the first high-resolution physical map of human chromosome 16. Genes on chromosome 16 include those associated with leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, Batten disease, hemoglobin disorders and a type of kidney disease.

In 1996 Los Alamos joined forces with Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence Berkeley national laboratories to form the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute (JGI), combining the genome centers of each lab into one virtual organization. The JGI is part of a consortium of five genome institutes that worked together to sequence the entire human genome.

In June 2000, the announcement was made that the human genome had been sequenced. Scientists and historians have compared unraveling the three billion or so base pairs to science and engineering accomplishments such as landing on the moon and splitting the atom.

The sequence of the human genome is a draft sequence; gaps in the sequence remain, but esearchers are confident that the draft will develop into a medical revolution.

All remaining gaps in the human genome sequence need to be filled. The Los Alamos Genome Center will close gaps in the chromosome 16 sequence during the coming year. And still other mysteries need to be uncovered, such as the first complete set of RNA molecules produced by the genome or the structural determination of the complement of proteins encoded by the genome. Other milestones include eventually determining which genes are turned on and in what order and how gene products interact with each other to determine how bio-molecular networks function. The Genome Center will evolve from the role it has been playing in mapping and sequencing to playing a role in the determination of how genomes use the information they encode to produce the molecules necessary to sustain life.