That is a phenomena noted in general risk acceptability studies and readily applies to vaccination, says Ann Bostrom, a Georgia Institute of Technology associate professor of public policy. She will present research on vaccine risk acceptability in a 9 a.m. PST seminar "Public Perception of Vaccination Risks" on Feb. 14 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting in Seattle.
"People avoid ambiguity," Bostrom says. "They perceive risks that are unfamiliar as less acceptable than risks that are familiar, in general."
Risk perception and acceptability are also dependent on context – both personal and societal, she notes. First-hand experience with adverse reactions to vaccines, for example, affects a person's risk acceptance. Bostrom will cite evidence from collaborative research she and her colleagues will publish later this year.
Beyond describing the factors that affect individual choices regarding vaccine risk acceptance, Bostrom also will discuss the sometimes-controversial public decision-making process on vaccination policy.
"Controversy isn't always a bad thing," she explains. "Conflicts of interest can be real, and both scientific and policy processes should be scrutinized. Science, and in particular the science that has enabled vaccine development, has given us much longer, healthier lives. But engineering our immune systems is no mean task, and thinking broadly about that bigger picture is important."
She also notes that individual and public decision-making processes about vaccines are sometimes at odds. For example, a hypothetical vaccination policy might be chosen to minimize disease risk to the public as a whole, while increasing the risk to some small subpopulation that is susceptible to a vaccine risk.
"The ideal of using both analytic and deliberative processes to reach agreement (not necessarily consensus) on what society should do is one many hold high," Bostrom says. "The aim is to find ways of improving both individual and collective welfare. If the risk to some sensitive subpopulations is high, then a policy that doesn't require their immunization with that vaccine is, of course, preferable to another policy, all else equal.
"It's problematic when goals and values in public health appear to differ from individuals' goals – for example when cost-effectiveness appears to be driving health policies, whereas parents are only concerned about the health of their children," she adds.
In her presentation, Bostrom will draw evidence about risk acceptance from a paper she and her colleagues wrote on engineered mitigation of earthquake consequences. In a review of research on the topic, Bostrom suggests that potential injuries and deaths from earthquake-related building collapse, for example, are likely to be valued differently depending on factors such as who might be injured or die, and recent experience.
Like decisions about vaccination, risk-acceptance decisions about earthquake mitigation are made in complex decision contexts involving multiple stakeholders with multiple values, Bostrom notes. They require both technical analysis and deliberation on the differing values and competing interests. "Value elicitation should influence solution design, and the process of designing solutions can lead to clearer value articulation," she writes in the paper.
Bostrom will also cite a study in which she and her colleagues examined trust in information sources about smallpox vaccine or disease. They also studied participants' behavioral intentions about and mental conceptions of the controversial vaccine, which has shown the potential for serious, even fatal, side effects. It is no longer routinely administered in the United States because the disease has been eliminated worldwide since 1977. But in 2002, bioterrorism fears prompted a voluntary smallpox vaccination program for emergency responders and medical personnel, and a mandatory program for some military personnel.
Bostrom's study compared the survey responses of 24 Georgia Tech students with those from a recent national survey of more than 1,000 adults conducted by Harvard University researchers. Bostrom found:
- Neither group surveyed is thinking much about or looking for information about smallpox vaccine or disease.
- The Tech students appear to trust medical technology and expertise more than the general public and are less concerned about the vaccine than the larger population.
- Both lack of information and misconceptions, as well as trust, appear to have influenced the students' behavioral intentions about the vaccine.
"Despite what has been portrayed in the media as the catastrophic potential of a smallpox bioweapon, in this context, trust seems driven less by any conscious comparison of specific values and more by general, previously determined attitudes toward technology, expertise and government," Bostrom reports.
Georgia Tech Research News and Research Horizons magazine, along with high-resolution JPEG images, can be found on the Web at www.gtresearchnews.gatech.edu.