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Work should be stepped up on international agreements to oversee prospecting efforts in Antarctica by research institutions, universities and pharmaceutical companies to discover and stake ownership to promising organisms and compounds with genetic properties that make survival possible in extremely cold, arid and salty conditions, says a new UN University report.
Bioprospectors are starting to turn their attention to many of the world's last frontiers, such as hydrothermal vents, the deep seabed, the water column of the high seas and polar ice caps. Indeed, according to the report, these frontiers have the potential to create a 21st Century "gold rush" – with bioprospectors trying to find and exploit the unique genetic and biochemical riches of "extremophiles," organisms that have evolved unique characteristics to survive in Earth's most hostile environments.
Many scientists believe that isolating and extracting the substances that allow these organisms to prosper could have enormous implications in biotechnology research, possibly leading to new cancer treatment drugs, antibiotics and industrial compounds.
But in fragile Antarctica this optimism is offset by warnings of significant consequences if an unregulated international "free-for-all" is allowed to develop.
"Biological prospecting for extremophiles is already occurring and is certain to accelerate in Antarctica and the southern oceans," said Dr. A.H. Zakri, Director of UNU's Institute of Advanced Studies, the Tokyo-based research center that conducted the study.
"This report suggests that efforts to exploit this new frontier are now threatening to outpace the capacity of national and international law to regulate such things as ownership of genetic materials, the issuing of patents on products that may arise from them, and the potential environmental consequences of harvesting these resources."
The information is being released as thousands of global officials and experts begin to assemble for a major biodiversity meeting in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia (the 7th Conference of Parties to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Feb. 9 to 20).
The report was undertaken as part of a wide-ranging UNU-IAS initiative to help foster and support global "biodiplomacy".
So far, the report says, biological prospecting in Antarctica has usually been carried out by consortia made up of public and private bodies, principally universities, research centers and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. This has made it difficult to draw a clear line between scientific research and commercial activities, although it is clear that much of the recent activity has led to commercial applications.
One of these is a glycoprotein, which functions as the 'antifreeze' that circulates in some Antarctic fish, preventing them from freezing in their sub–zero environments. It was discovered in the early 1970s by University of Illinois scientists conducting research funded by the US National Science Foundation.
The glycoprotein has a range of potential applications, including increasing the freeze tolerance of commercial plants, improving farm–fish production in cold climates, extending the shelf life of frozen food, improving surgery involving the freezing of tissues, and enhancing the preservation of tissues to be transplanted.
A preliminary scan of the US Patent Office database identified more than 300 references to Antarctica and 92 applications for patents that referred to Antarctica. A similar survey of European Patent Office records turned up 62 patents that rely on Antarctic biodiversity.
Some recent examples:
- In 2002, Spain granted a patent for the wound healing and skin, hair and nail treatment properties of a glycoprotein extracted from an Antarctic bacteria;
- The same year, an extract from an Antarctic green algae was patented in Germany for use in cosmetic skin treatment;
- In 1997, a patent was granted by the Russian patent office for the production of biologically active substances with anti–tumour properties extracted from a strain of Antarctic black yeast;
- An application currently with the US Patent Office covers a process for producing anti-freeze chemicals discovered in Antarctic bacteria which may help to increase the shelf life of foods such as ice-cream and frozen vegetables.
The report notes that developing commercial products from naturally occurring genetic resources or biochemical processes is typically a long, expensive and uncertain process. Even so, annual sales derived from traditional knowledge using genetic resources are $3 billion for the cosmetics and personal care industry, $20 billion for the botanical medicine sector and $75 billion for the pharmaceutical industry. More than 60 percent of the cancer drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are of natural origin or are modeled on natural products.
"Although there has been a recent downturn in bioprospecting overall, it seems that the commercial use of naturally occurring extremophiles will increase, perhaps dramatically, in the near future," said Hans van Ginkel, Rector of UN University.
"This study shows that the world must be better prepared for this, especially with respect to the Antarctica. Many issues and questions need to be resolved in advance of the further exploitation of genetic resources at the pole."
UNU-IAS researcher Sam Johnston, report co-author, said the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the principal international agreement governing activity on the continent, does not specifically regulate bio-prospecting. Moreover, international policies governing bio-prospecting elsewhere are of limited value in addressing these questions.
Among the key issues not addressed by the ATS:
- Who owns the Antarctic genetic resources?
- How can scientists working in the Antarctic Treaty area legitimately acquire these resources?
- What measures do scientists have to take to protect these resources?
- Is benefit sharing feasible and, if so, with whom?
- Who owns the commercial products resulting from these resources?
- What is the relationship between the ATS and other international agreements e.g. the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?
- Does bio-prospecting contravene Article III of the ATS which stipulates that:
- Information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica should be exchanged.
- Scientific personnel should be exchanged between expeditions and stations.
- Scientific observations and results should be exchanged and made freely available.
The report concludes that although the physical impact of bioprospecting is currently addressed by the ATS regime, establishing the legal and policy basis that controls the commercialization of genetic resources, in line with the basic principles of the ATS as well as equity and fairness, is a more complex matter.
"Indeed, developing measures on bioprospecting in Antarctica would require some basic conceptual agreement about the overall aims of any regulation and the type of management system that is desirable, feasible, practical, and equitable."
The study recommends further analysis and research with the emphasis on:
- Information about existing and planned bio-prospecting activities in Antarctica.
- Information on current and planned commercially orientated research involving Antarctic biota.
- A working definition of bio-prospecting.
- The legal issues relating to the ownership and protection of these resources?
- Who owns the commercial products resulting from the resources?
- Is benefit sharing feasible and if so with whom?
- The relationship between the ATS and other international policies.
- Is bio-prospecting contrary to Article III of the Treaty?
- Preliminary views about the need for regulation or guidelines.
UN University
Established by the U.N. General Assembly in 1973, UNU is an international community of scholars engaged in research, advanced training and the dissemination of knowledge related to pressing global problems. Activities focus mainly on peace and conflict resolution, sustainable development and the use of science and technology to advance human welfare. The University operates a worldwide network of research and post-graduate training centres, with headquarters in Tokyo.
The Institute of Advanced Studies is one of UNU's 12 global research and training centres. It undertakes research and postgraduate education on leading sustainable development issues, convening expertise from disciplines such as economics, law, biology, political science, physics and chemistry to better understand and contribute creative solutions to pressing global concerns. UNU-IAS works to identify and address strategic issues of concern for all humankind, for governments and decision makers and, particularly, for developing countries.
The UNU-IAS Biodiplomacy Initiative identifies and conducts research into the challenges of such emerging issue areas as bioethics, biotechnology, biosafety, access and benefit sharing, biopiracy, traditional knowledge, and genetically modified organisms. It is also involved in agriculture for peace, and the scientific assessment of ecosystems. The creation of safe, equitable mechanisms and institutions to effectively guide the development and use of biotechnology, as well as the equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources are among the Biodiplomacy Initiative's top priorities. For additional details: http://www.ias.unu.edu/research/biodiplomacy.cfm