The findings emerged from Economic and Social Research Council funded research investigating different styles of visual attention in babies from the age of two to eight months. Paying attention to visual stimuli is important in the development of object recognition, and is also needed for the development of memory, motor skills and other key abilities. Led by psychologists Dr Emily Farran at the University of Reading and Dr Janice Brown at London South Bank University, the initial aim of the research was to investigate the underlying reasons why some babies are 'short-lookers' and shift visual attention rapidly, while others are 'long-lookers' who keep their attention fixed for longer.
Previously, these categories were thought to be relatively stable traits indicative of individual differences, with links to later cognitive development. However, the research revealed that babies often move between these two categories over the timescale studied. "The literature talks about the short-looking and long-looking categories, and links to later abilities are suggested. Unusually, we looked at this longitudinally, so we were able to pick up that these categories weren't stable" says Dr Farran. "So these differences can't be indicative of differential brain development, or predictive of later abilities."
Some of the research was designed to test whether infants are able to organise visual stimuli into groups based on similar attributes: brightness, shape, and proximity. To take part in the visual grouping experiments, each baby was placed in a car seat facing a screen onto which images were projected. Overhead cameras recorded how long each infant looked at images on the screen. The infants were shown an array where the stimuli were arranged by similarity in either horizontal lines or vertical columns. For example, for grouping by shape, an array of horizontal lines (or vertical columns) made up of squares and circles was used, constructed so that shape discrimination would be needed to 'see' lines or columns in the array. To test if visual grouping had occurred, images of plain bars of horizontal lines and vertical columns were then shown. If the infants looked for a longer time at either the line or column bars on average, this would indicate an effect of the earlier lines or columns made up of squares and circles, indicating grouping.
The results showed that grouping by brightness emerges first: it was observed at two months, in line with previous observations that this ability is present in newborn babies. At four months, two further grouping abilities emerged: grouping by shape and by proximity. Proximity grouping had not been tested in infants prior to this research, and grouping by shape had previously been seen only at six or seven months.
Dr Farran argues that it's important to understand the development of low-level processes such as attention from early on in order to understand how higher-level processes such as object recognition – which requires grouping by several different visual characteristics – develop. But the researchers also have a further interest: having established this pattern of development in normal infants, they intend to turn their attention to what happens in infants affected by developmental disorders. The research group already has a new ESRC-funded project under way with Williams syndrome infants – a condition where attention and visual perception are particularly affected.
Visual grouping research, Dr Farran argues, is essential to providing a proper starting point for the new research. "In many atypical disorders, people look at what's happening in adults and assume that the same patterns of performance would be observed in children", says Dr Farran. "But often there are quite different patterns. In cognitive development, small differences can cascade over time, so it's very important to get a grip on what's going on at the start and how it develops longitudinally, so we can see how the developmental trajectory grows."
According to Dr Farran, until recently Williams syndrome children were rarely diagnosed at an early enough stage. Now diagnosis is often earlier, plus there is a genetic test – but interventions are still something for the future. "If we can find out about cognitive development from infancy onwards in today's Williams syndrome children, the next generation will benefit from this", she predicts.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT:
Dr Emily Farran on 0118 378 7531 or email: e.k.farran@reading.ac.uk
Or Dr Janice Brown on 020 7815 5789. or email: janice.brown@lsbu.ac.uk
Or Alexandra Saxon or Annika Howard at ESRC, on 01793 413032/413119
NOTES FOR EDITORS
1. The research project 'Individual differences in the integration of attention and perception in infancy' was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). Dr Farran is at the Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AL, and Dr Brown is at the Department of Psychology, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA. The report is available from ESRC Society Today : http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ViewAwardPage.aspx?AwardId=3067
2. Methodology: A total of 63 full-term infants took part in these longitudinal studies, having been recruited from maternity wards at the Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading. Testing took place at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months, at which point 43 infants were still participating. Infants who were very "fussy" during testing, or whose level of interest in the screened images was very low, were excluded from the results.
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