New research shows that the second most diverse group of hard corals first evolved in the deep sea, and not in shallow waters. Stylasterids, or lace corals, diversified in deep waters before launching at least three successful invasions of shallow water tropical habitats in the past 40 million years. This finding provides the first strong evidence that a group of deep-sea animals invaded and diversified in shallow waters.
"When we look at the DNA and fossils of these animals, we can trace how these transitions from deep water to shallow habitats have popped up in different parts of the family at different points in time," says Alberto Lindner, a coral researcher at the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
"We also see this story unfold in which the corals are building skeletal defenses, possibly in a long-running arms-race with their predators. Together, it shows us how wrong it is to think of deep-sea ecosystems as being isolated and static."
Lindner and co-authors Stephen Cairns and Cliff Cunningham will publish these new findings in the June 18 issue of the journal PLoS ONE. This article follows a presentation by Lindner at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Annual Meeting in Boston, MA.
Although deep-sea research is often difficult and expensive, Lindner and his colleagues hope their work will further inspire scientific exploration and broad evolutionary studies in the oceans. "The deep sea and the shallow-water tropics are the most diverse environments in the oceans, but how deep and shallow-water species have built these different marine habitats is still poorly understood. Our study shows that integrating deep-sea and shallow-water species in evolutionary studies is key to understanding the evolution of life in the oceans."
Contact:
Alberto Lindner
Universidade de São Paulo
São Sebastião, Brasil
Email: alindner@usp.br
Clifford W. Cunningham
Duke University, USA
Tel: +1.919.660.7356
Email: cliff@duke.edu
Stephen D. Cairns
Smithsonian Institution
Tel: +1.202.633.1765
Email: cairnss@si.edu
For outside commentary:
J. Murray Roberts
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, USA
Tel: +1.910.799.7926
Email: robertsjm@uncw.edu
Citation: Lindner A, Cairns SD, Cunningham CW (2008) From Offshore to Onshore: Multiple Origins of Shallow-Water Corals from Deep-Sea Ancestors. PLoS ONE 3(6): e2429. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002429
PLEASE ADD THE LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT (URL live from June 18): http://www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0002429.
PRESS-ONLY PREVIEW: http://www.plos.org/press/pone-03-06-lindner.pdf
Related images for press use: http://www.plos.org/press/pone-03-06-lindner1.jpg (Caption: The lace coral Stylaster venustus. Photo by Alberto Lindner/NOAA.)
http://www.plos.org/press/pone-03-06-lindner2.jpg (Caption: The lace coral Cyclohelia lamellata, from deep waters off the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Photo by Alberto Lindner/NOAA.)
http://www.plos.org/press/pone-03-06-lindner3.jpg (Caption: Diverse deep-water coral habitat off the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Photo by Alberto Lindner/NOAA)
http://www.plos.org/press/pone-03-06-lindner4.jpg (Caption: The bubblegum coral Paragorgia sp. (large colony) and the lace coral Stylaster sp. (smaller colony) in waters 150 meters deep off Adak Island, Alaska. Photo by Alberto Lindner/NOAA)
Journal
PLoS ONE