Scientists working on a common antimicrobial compound with antimalarial activity have discovered a range of new therapeutic strategies to combat malaria. The research, published by Cell Press in the December 11th issue of the journal Cell Host and Microbe, provides valuable insight into how the human malaria parasite's requirement for fatty acids can be exploited as it progresses through the distinct stages of its complex life cycle.
Infection with the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, begins when an infected mosquito bites a human. Injected parasites migrate to the liver where they copy themselves inside liver cells and prepare to enter the bloodstream, invading red blood cells and initiating the blood stages that cause the clinical manifestations of the disease.
P. falciparum changes and proliferates rapidly during these life stages and requires an abundant source of fatty acid molecules to build new cell membranes. Blood stage parasites synthesize fatty acids using a type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway that is also employed by bacteria. FAS-II had been viewed as an excellent therapeutic target in parasites and bacteria as it is distinct from the type I (FAS-I) pathway used by mammals.
The FAS-II inhibitor triclosan has been widely used in antimicrobial creams, lotions and soaps and is often present as an additive in plastics, textiles and implantable medical devices. Earlier studies identified FabI, an enzyme in the FAS-II pathway, as the predicted target of triclosan in malaria parasites, propelling extensive research efforts to develop novel antimalarials based on this compound.
However, a new research study led by Dr. David A. Fidock from Columbia University showed that disruption of the FabI gene in P. falciparum or the rodent parasite P. berghei did not impede blood stage growth and that FabI was not the antimalarial target of triclosan. Fidock and colleagues also showed that triclosan was not as effective against the blood stage of the malaria parasite as was previously thought. "Although this enzyme has been extensively studied as a candidate drug target for blood stage malaria parasites, our data argue against the therapeutic potential of FabI, and indeed the entire FAS-II pathway, during infection of red blood cells," explains Dr. Fidock.
Nevertheless, Dr. Fidock and his colleagues went on to make an additional discovery. They demonstrated that an absence of FabI results in P. berghei parasites that, coming from the mosquito, are less infective and fail to complete the liver stage of development. These parasites are then typically unable to initiate the symptomatic blood stage infection. In contrast, during the blood stage, the parasites do not rely on FabI and appear to obtain fatty acids primarily by acquiring them from the host.
"We propose that therapeutic strategies to interfere with fatty acid processes in blood stage parasites should focus on scavenging these molecules taken from the host. This contrasts with liver stage parasites that depend on synthesizing their own fatty acids to meet their metabolic needs. Interference with FAS-II in liver stages now offers novel perspectives for prophylactic intervention," explains Dr. Fidock. "Our work also highlights the need for additional studies to elucidate how triclosan acts on blood stage parasites."
The researchers include Min Yu, Columbia University, New York, NY, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; T. R. Santha Kumar, Columbia University, New York, NY, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Louis J. Nkrumah, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Alida Coppi, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Silke Retzlaff, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Celeste D. Li, Columbia University, New York, NY; Brendan J. Kelly, Columbia University, New York, NY; Pedro A. Moura, Columbia University, New York, NY; Viswanathan Lakshmanan, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Joel S. Freundlich, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Juan-Carlos Valderramos, Columbia University, New York, NY; Catherine Vilcheze, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Mark Siedner, Columbia University, New York, NY; Jennifer H.-C. Tsai, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Brie Falkard, Columbia University, New York, NY; Amar bir Singh Sidhu, Columbia University, New York, NY; Lisa A. Purcell, Columbia University, New York, NY; Paul Gratraud, Universites de Montpellier II and I, CNRS UMR5235, Montpellier, France; Laurent Kremer, Universites de Montpellier II and I, CNRS UMR5235, Montpellier, France, INSERM, DIMNP, Montpellier, France; Andrew P. Waters, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Guy Schiehser, Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, NJ; David P. Jacobus, Jacobus Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, NJ; Chris J. Janse, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Arba Ager, University of Miami, Miami, FL; William R. Jacobs, Jr., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY; James C. Sacchettini, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Volker Heussler, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Photini Sinnis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; and David A. Fidock, Columbia University, New York, NY.