Waterford City, Ireland, October 26, 2009 – Results of an important new study show that implantation of blue light-filtering intraocular lens (IOLs) at the time of cataract surgery increases a nutritional component of the eye, which may afford protection against the development and/or progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The study, conducted by leading ophthalmology and vision researchers from the Macular Pigment Research Group at the Waterford Institute of Technology, is published in the October 2009 issue of the high impact journal Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (IOVS).1
AMD is a disease affecting the central part of the retina and is the leading cause of vision loss in the developed world.2 Implantation of lenses that do not filter blue light during cataract surgery has been shown to increase the risk for development and/or progression of AMD.3
"Blue light-filtering lenses filter and block damaging blue light from reaching the retina, which holds the potential of reducing vision loss and improving the quality of life for millions of older patients," said the study's chief investigator, John M. Nolan, Fulbright Scholar, BSc, PhD, deputy director, Macular Pigment Research Group, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland. "These data represent an important first step in fully realizing the benefits of blue light-filtering in improving a nutritional component of the eye known as macular pigment. There is a strong scientific rationale supported by an ever-growing body of scientific evidence which suggests that macular pigment plays a role in reducing the onset and progression of AMD."
Dr. Nolan and fellow Macular Pigment Research Group researchers discovered an increase in macular pigment levels shortly after cataract surgery among the study patients who had blue light-filtering IOLs implanted.1
"Since prolonged exposure to blue light is harmful to the retina, increased levels of macular pigment are considered a strong surrogate marker for protection against the processes that cause age-related blindness, including AMD," says Dr. Nolan.
According to the study, the potential benefits associated with increased macular pigment resulting from the use of blue light-filtering lenses for prevention and/or decreased progression of AMD would be conferred at the time of cataract surgery and are expected to continue thereafter, over a patient's lifetime.1 This is especially meaningful in the modern era of cataract surgery, which is being performed annually in millions of older persons who live for many years after the procedure, as well as certain patient subgroups, who have had the surgery at an earlier age.2 The researchers note that further studies are needed to confirm the clinical benefit of their findings.1
About the Study
Dr. Nolan and colleagues conducted a prospective study in which 42 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were randomized to implantation with a blue light-filtering acrylic IOL or a standard acrylic IOL (control), with macular pigment optical density measured by a reliable method (heterochromatic flicker photometry), and serum concentrations of the macular carotenoids were quantified by a scientific procedure known as high performance liquid chromatography, prior to surgery and then at several post-procedural time points over a 1-year follow-up period.1
Cataract surgery in older persons, where the natural diseased lens (cataract) is replaced with a clear artificial IOL, has been associated with increased subsequent risk for macular disease,4 perhaps due to increased transmission of potentially injurious short-wavelength (blue) light to the retina.3
Therefore, lens manufacturers have incorporated a blue light-filter into IOLs to help reduce photo-oxidative retinal injury and thereby reduce the risk of new-onset AMD and/or its progression. Evidence suggests that photo-oxidative stress is important in the development of AMD.5 The likelihood of retinal damage is highest for short-wavelength light (blue light). Several parts of the eye, most importantly the lens, act as filters to block short-wavelength light from reaching the retina.4
Macular pigment is thought to protect against AMD because it absorbs short-wavelength (blue) light before it reaches photoreceptors in the retina and because of its antioxidant properties (decreases oxidative stress by quenching free radicals). Portions of the eye behind (posterior to) macular pigment are exposed to approximately six times the amount of blue light in persons having the lowest levels of macular pigment, as compared to those with the highest levels.5 Macular pigment is obtained entirely from the diet and transported to the retina via the blood. Therefore, ongoing research is being conducted to determine to what extent a person's diet may affect AMD. However, the data available to date is in support of such a notion.5
About Cataracts and AMD
As the aging population grows and becomes a larger percentage of the overall population, age-related diseases such as cataracts and AMD will become more prevalent.6
Surgical removal of cataracts – lens that have become clouded from buildup of protein – is the most frequently performed surgery in the U.S.7, with more than 6 million cataract surgeries currently performed each year in the U.S. and Europe combined.7,8 While vision is almost universally improved immediately following cataract removal, implantation of lens that does not filter harmful short wavelength (blue) light may hasten the progression of AMD,5 the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 60 in the U.S.9
AMD is a disease that affects part of the back of the eye called the macula, the central part of the retina. The central vision of affected individuals becomes blurry or wavy and can be eventually lost, which severely alters their quality of life.9,10 Approximately 25-30 million individuals are affected worldwide, with the number estimated to triple in the next 25 years.11
About Waterford Institute
Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT) is one of the largest Institutes of Technology in Ireland with over 10,000 students and 1,000 staff. WIT was established as a Regional Technical College in 1970, and was the first to be awarded Institute of Technology designation in 1998. The Institute conducts research and teaching across a wide variety of areas including business, engineering, science, education, health sciences and humanities, providing expert commentary on a range of topics.
As part of the Department of Chemical and Life Sciences at the Waterford Institute of Technology, the Macular Pigment Research Group (MPRG) is one of the leading research centers in the world investigating macular pigment and its potential role in preventing AMD and enhancing visual performance. The work of the MPRG has received both national and international recognition, reflected in research prizes, scholarships, grant support and peer-reviewed publications (over 30 high-impact scientific publications on this topic). The MPRG currently consists of ten members; researchers within the group cover a wide variety of disciplines including ophthalmology, vision science, optometry, chemical and biological sciences, statistics and nutrition.
Editor's Note: The study conducted by the researchers at the Macular Pigment Research Group of the Waterford Institute of Technology was published in the October 2009 issue of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. For more information on the study authors and financial disclosure, the abstract can be accessed at: http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/50/10/4777.
References
1. Nolan J, O'Reilly, P, Loughman, J, et al. Augmentation of macular pigment following implantation of blue light–filtering intraocular lenses at the time of cataract surgery. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2009;50:4777-4785.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Priority eye diseases. Available at: http://www.who.int/blindness/causes/priority/en/index8.html. Accessed October 20, 2009.
3. Algvere PV, Marshall J, Seregard, S. Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2006;84(1):4-15.
4. Wang JJ, Klein R, Smith W, Klein BE, Tomany S, Mitchell P. Cataract surgery and the 5-year incidence of late-stage age-related maculopathy: Pooled findings from the Beaver Dam and Blue Mountains eye study. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1960-7.
5. Bartlett H, Eperjesi F. Macular pigment: The role of xanthophylls in preventing AMD. OT. Available at: www.macuscope.com/Eperjesi_19506.pdf. Accessed October 15, 2009.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Why is vision loss a public health problem? At: http://www.cdc.gov/visionhealth/basic_information/vision_loss.htm. Accessed October 20, 2009.
7. American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery & American Society of Ophthalmic Administrators (ASCRS & ASOA). Fact Sheet—Cataract Surgery & Prostate Drug Complications. At: http://www.ascrs.org/press_releases/upload/Patient-Information-Sheet-on-Prostate-Drugs-and-Cataract-Surgery.pdf. Accessed October 20, 2009.
8. European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS). Revised ESCRS guidelines could save sight of thousands of cataract patients each year. At: http://www.escrs.org/PUBLICATIONS/EUROTIMES/07Sept/dailymon/endo.asp. Accessed October 20, 2009.
9. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Leading causes of blindness. At: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/summer08/articles/summer08pg14-15.html. Accessed on October 20, 2009.
10. National Eye Institute (NEI). Age-related macular degeneration. At: http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp. Accessed October 20, 2009.
11. AMD Alliance International. AMD fact sheet. At: http://www.amdalliance.org/resources/mediakit/amdfactsheet.php. Accessed October 15, 2009.
Journal
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science