A new study, published in the November 17, 2009, issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, adds to a growing body of research seeking to evaluate and understand possible sex differences associated with antiplatelet therapies. This study—the first to look at the impact of clopidogrel, one of the most frequently prescribed drugs to prevent and treat heart disease, in women—found it to be effective in reducing cardiovascular (CV) events in both men and women with no statistically significant sex differences in terms of expected clinical benefit or increased harm.
Clopidogrel reduced cardiovascular events by 16 percent in men compared to 7 percent in women; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Although there was a clear reduction in the risk of CV events in both sexes, women derived the most benefit from a decrease in their risk of heart attack with a nonsignificant reduction in stroke and total death. Data show a small, but real excess risk of major bleeding with clopidogrel therapy in both men and women; adding clopidogrel to aspirin therapy resulted in a 43 percent and 21 percent increased risk of major bleeding in women and men, respectively.
According to the authors, by treating 1,000 men and 1,000 women with clopidogrel on a background of aspirin for an average of eight months, clinicians can prevent eight cardiovascular events in women and 12 in men; from a safety perspective, there would be five major bleeding incidents in women and two in men.
Researchers performed a meta-analysis of five major clinical trials to evaluate the clinical benefit and risk of this antiplatelet therapy in women and men and determine whether there are sex-based differences in treatment response. Nearly 80,000 individuals with a broad range of CV diseases were enrolled in these trials, 30 percent of whom were women. Lead investigators of the five double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trials shared original study data with authors.
Clopidogrel works to disrupt platelet activity and prevents them from clotting and causing heart attacks and strokes. It is typically used in patients with heart attacks, those at increased severity of angina, and in patients following stent implantation. It is also commonly used in those with established CV disease.
Women have traditionally been underrepresented in clinical trials enrollment. As newer, more potent platelet therapies are being developed, it will be important to continue to examine whether sex differences exist in the therapeutic effect of these drugs. According to the accompanying editorial, research to examine the impact of sex on responses to cardiovascular treatment should be ongoing, especially as the decrease in deaths related to heart disease has been less for women and has actually increased in women younger than 55 years of age since 1980 despite progress in reducing associated morbidity and mortality.
The American College of Cardiology is leading the way to optimal cardiovascular care and disease prevention. The College is a 37,000-member nonprofit medical society and bestows the credential Fellow of the American College of Cardiology upon physicians who meet its stringent qualifications. The College is a leader in the formulation of health policy, standards and guidelines, and is a staunch supporter of cardiovascular research. The ACC provides professional education and operates national registries for the measurement and improvement of quality care. More information about the association is available online at www.acc.org .
The American College of Cardiology (ACC) provides these news reports of clinical studies published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology as a service to physicians, the media, the public and other interested parties. However, statements or opinions expressed in these reports reflect the view of the author(s) and do not represent official policy of the ACC unless stated so.
Journal
Journal of the American College of Cardiology