Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center researchers say preliminary studies show that a vaccine made with leukemia cells may be able to reduce or eliminate the last remaining cancer cells in some chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients taking the drug Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec).
Gleevec, one of the first targeted cancer therapies with wide success in CML patients, destroys most leukemic cells in the body, but in most patients, some cancerous cells remain and are measurable with sensitive molecular tests. These remaining cells are a source of relapse, according to the investigators, especially if Gleevec therapy is stopped.
In a pilot study published in Clinical Cancer Research, the Johns Hopkins investigators used a vaccine made from CML cells irradiated to halt their cancerous potential and genetically altered to produce an immune system stimulator called GM-CSF. The treated cells also carry molecules, called antigens, specific to CML cells, which prime the immune system to recognize and kill circulating CML cells.
The study vaccine was given to 19 CML patients with measurable cancer cells, despite taking Gleevec for at least one year. A series of 10 skin injections were given every three weeks for a total of four times. After a median of 72 months of follow-up, the number of remaining cancer cells declined in 13 patients, 12 of whom reached their lowest levels of residual cancer cells. In seven patients, CML became completely undetectable. Because the study was conducted in a limited number of patients and not compared with other therapies, the researchers warn they cannot be sure that the responses were a result of the vaccine.
"We want to get rid of every last cancer cell in the body, and using cancer vaccines may be a good way to mop up residual disease," says Hyam Levitsky, M.D., professor of oncology, medicine and urology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. More research to confirm and expand the results is needed, Levitsky said.
The investigators will be testing blood samples taken from the study patients to identify the precise antigens that the immune system is recognizing. With this information, they will tailor their vaccine for additional studies that monitor immune response more precisely.
Patients receiving the trial vaccine experienced relatively few side effects that included injection site pain and swelling, occasional muscle aches and mild fevers.
According to the investigators, most patients with CML will need to remain on Gleevec therapy for the rest of their lives. More than 90 percent of them will achieve remission, but about 10 to 15 percent of patients cannot tolerate the drug long term. "Often patients have low blood cell counts, fluid retention, significant nausea and other gastrointestinal problems," says B. Douglas Smith, M.D., associate professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. Secondary therapies, including dasatinib and nilotinib, also have many side effects.
Another common side effect of Gleevec, says Smith, is fatigue. "Patients often tell me that they feel about 80 to 90 percent of what they should, and over time, this may have a big impact on their quality of life," he says.
Gleevec also cannot be taken during pregnancy, and since one-third of CML patients are in their 20s and 30s, many patients hoping to start families would like to discontinue taking it.
"Ultimately, should this vaccine approach prove to be successful, the ability to get patients off lifelong Gleevec therapy would be a significant advance," says Levitsky.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Study contributors include Yvette Kasamon, Jeanne Kowalski, Christopher Gocke, Kathleen Murphy, Hua-Ling Tsai, Lu Qin, Christina Chia, Barbara Biedrzycki, and Richard Jones from Johns Hopkins; Carole Miller from St. Agnes Hospital; Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer from the Medical University of South Carolina; and Thomas Harding and Guang Haun Tu from Cell Genesys, Inc.
Under a licensing agreement between BioSante Pharmaceuticals Inc. and the Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Levitsky is entitled to a share of milestone payments and a share of royalty received by the University on sales of GVAX. Dr. Levitsky previously served as a paid consultant to Cell Genesys, which has since been acquired by BioSante Pharmaceuticals Inc. The terms of this arrangement are being managed by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies.
On the Web: www.hopkinskimmelcancercenter.org
Journal
Clinical Cancer Research