Since the 1930s, there have been 75 documented episodes of malaria resurgence worldwide, most of which were linked to weakening of malaria control programs, finds a new study published in BioMed Central's open access journal Malaria Journal. The study, which is allied to the theme of this year's World Malaria Day (25th April 2012) "Sustain Gains, Save Lives: Invest in Malaria", found that the most common reason for weakening of malaria control programs was funding disruptions.
There are over 200 million cases of malaria each year with 85% of all cases being children under five years old and, according to the World Health Organization, in 2010 malaria was responsible for 655 000 deaths worldwide, mostly among African children. Deaths which are unnecessary, because malaria is both preventable and curable.
Low cost treatment is available and simple solutions to prevent the diseases, like insecticide treated mosquito nets and malaria prevention during pregnancy, have all been shown to reduce the number of deaths due to malaria. Initiatives like Roll Back Malaria, set up in 1998, aim to reduce child mortality due to malaria by two thirds, by 2015, using large scale implementation of these simple solutions.
Researchers from the Clinton Health Access Initiative, the Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, and the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify all documented malaria resurgence events where malaria had returned to an area previously under control.
The causes of malaria resurgence were categorized as being due to weakened malaria control programs, increased intensity of malaria transmission (such movement of people or mosquitoes, weather, or changes in land use) , or technical obstacles including resistance of the malaria parasite to drugs. 91% of the 75 resurgence events found were blamed at least in part on the weakening of malaria control programs.
Lead author Justin Cohen, PhD, MPH of the Clinton Health Access Initiative explains, "Malaria control programs have been shown to be extremely successful in reducing the number of cases of malaria to very low levels, but history demonstrates that gains can be lost rapidly if financial and political support is not sustained. Finding ways to ensure continued funding for malaria control today will be crucial to building on the gains of the past decade."
Investments in malaria control have created unprecedented momentum and yielded remarkable returns in the past years. However, the future of anti-malaria programs is uncertain as current funding is projected to decline over the next few years.
Sir Richard Feachem, KBE, FREng, DSc(Med), PhD, who was the founding Executive Director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and current Director of the UCSF Global Health Group, calls on the malaria community and donors to heed these results in order to continue the fight against malaria. "This work demonstrates the historical evidence on what happens when malaria control efforts and funding streams prematurely turn their attention away from malaria. This paradox of success needs greater attention to maximize our investments in malaria control and elimination."
Finding innovative ways to continue investing in successful malaria control and elimination programs is necessary to ensure that the dramatic progress in the fight against malaria is maintained and extended. Maintaining support for these programs will allow them to continue to save thousands of lives year after year.
Notes to Editors
1. Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes
Justin M Cohen, David L Smith, Chris Cotter, Abigail Ward, Gavin Yamey, Oliver J Sabot and Bruno Moonen
Malaria Journal (in press)
Please name the journal in any story you write. If you are writing for the web, please link to the article. All articles are available free of charge, according to BioMed Central's open access policy.
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2. Malaria Journal is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that exclusively publishes articles on malaria and, aims to bring together knowledge from the different specialties involved in this very broad discipline, from the bench to the bedside and to the field.
3. BioMed Central (http://www.biomedcentral.com/) is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All peer-reviewed research articles published by BioMed Central are made immediately and freely accessible online, and are licensed to allow redistribution and reuse. BioMed Central is part of Springer Science+Business Media, a leading global publisher in the STM sector.
4. The Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI) was founded in 2002 by President Bill Clinton to provide solutions to the biggest challenges impeding effective healthcare delivery in developing countries. CHAI applies the rigorous thinking, analysis, and urgency of the business world to save lives and strengthen health systems rapidly and more efficiently by improving markets for medicines and diagnostics, lowering the cost of treatment, and accelerating access to key drugs and technologies. As a trusted partner to governments, CHAI’s programs have helped more than four million people access treatment for HIV/AIDS at reduced costs, and have led to more than $1 billion in savings for developing countries. In addition to retaining its initial focus HIV/AIDS care and treatment, CHAI implements programs on vaccines, malaria, health systems strengthening, and maternal and child health in more than 25countries. As of January 1, 2010, CHAI became a separate nonprofit organization from the Clinton Foundation, with President Clinton serving as CHAI's Board Chair. Learn more at clintonhealthaccess.org.
5. The Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco, Global Health Sciences is an "action tank" dedicated to translating new approaches into large-scale action to improve the lives of millions of people. The Global Health Group's Malaria Elimination Initiative was established in 2007 to provide intellectual and practical support to countries around the world that are pursuing an evidence-based goal of malaria elimination. Along with its network of global collaborators, the UCSF Global Health Group advocates for spatially progressive elimination - working inwards from the current geographic margins of the disease - as a complementary strategy to the significant investment in scaled-up malaria control in highly endemic countries, and research and development of new tools to eventually eradicate the disease. The Global Health Group works with a diverse network of partners to support regional and national elimination efforts in southern Africa and the Asia Pacific. For more information, please visit http://www.globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/global-health-group
Journal
Malaria Journal