Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PancCa) is a deadly disease, with essentially 100% mortality. Screening for the early detection of such cancer has not been shown to be feasible, and is currently not advised for asymptomatic people. Except for a genetic link for a small percentage of patients who have familial disease, the causes of PancCa are not known. Among environmental factors that have been implicated in some studies are smoking, heavy alcohol use, high-fat diet, excessive intake of carbonated soft drinks, obesity, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes. Previous epidemiologic studies have had conflicting results, with some showing an increase in risk among consumers of alcohol, especially among heavy drinkers, but most showing no significant effect of moderate drinking. A monograph from IARC in 2009 concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support a role of alcohol in pancreatic cancer development. This analysis from a group of distinguished scientists supports previous research showing that smoking is associated with an earlier onset of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Other research has shown that smoking may also be a causative factor in the development of this type of cancer.
For alcohol, this study shows that heavy drinking (more than 39g a day or three to four drinks) also appears to be associated with earlier diagnosis; previous research from some epidemiologic studies has suggested further that heavy intake of alcohol may be associated with the development of pancreatic cancer.
The present study does not evaluate the etiology of PancCa, as it deals only with cases of the disease and has no normal controls. Instead, it reports the age of onset of PancCa according to exposures to tobacco and alcohol. It concludes that smokers and drinkers, especially heavy drinkers, have the onset of disease at an earlier age than do non-smokers and non-drinkers. Subjects who had stopped smoking or alcohol consumption for more than 10 years had the same age at onset of their cancers as lifetime non-smokers and non-drinkers.
Forum reviewers were concerned, however, about potential bias in regards to the time of diagnosis of such cancer, and about many other limitations of the study. For example, the inability to separate drinkers by the pattern of drinking (binge drinking versus regular, moderate intake), by the socioeconomic status of subjects, and by a lack of information on chronic pancreatitis, a known risk factor, weaken the implications of this paper. Forum members do not think that the results of this study will have a large impact on clinical practice, or on measures for the prevention of pancreatic cancer.
Reference: Anderson MA; Zolotarevsky E; Cooper KL; Sherman S; Shats O; Whitcomb DC; Lynch HT; et al. Alcohol and tobacco lower the age of presentation in sporadic pancreatic cancer in a dose-dependent manner: A multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; advance online publication, doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.288
Comments on this review by the International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research were provided by the following members:
Francesco Orlandi, MD, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Ancona. Italy
Erik Skovenborg, MD, Scandinavian Medical Alcohol Board, Practitioner, Aarhus, Denmark
Harvey Finkel, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Arne Svilaas, MD, PhD, general practice and lipidology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Andrew L. Waterhouse, PhD, Marvin Sands Professor, University of California; Davis, CA, USA
Yuqing Zhang, MD, DSc, Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
R. Curtis Ellison, MD, Section of Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
For the detailed critique of this paper by the International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research and a listing of references, go to www.bu.edu/alcohol-forum or http://www.bu.edu/alcohol-forum/critique-092-the-association-of-alcohol-and-tobacco-with-age-at-diagnosis-among-subjects-with-pancreatic-cancer-2-october-2012/
The specialists who are members of the Forum are happy to respond to questions from Health Editors regarding emerging research on alcohol and health and will offer an independent opinion in context with other research on the subject.
Read the full critique here:
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