image: Top: Color-enhanced image of the roundworm's PVD neuron shows normal branching of its dendrites. The branches resemble menorahs -- hence the name mnr-1 for the newly identified gene that orchestrates the process. Bottom: In this image, mutation of the mnr-1 gene has resulted in defective PVD dendrite branching. view more
Credit: Images courtesy of Cell and Yehuda Salzberg, Ph.D.
October 10, 2013 – (BRONX, NY) – Our ability to detect heat, touch, tickling and other sensations depends on our sensory nerves. Now, for the first time, researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have identified a gene that orchestrates the crucially important branching of nerve fibers that occurs during development. The findings were published online today in the journal Cell.
The research focuses on dendrites, the string-like extensions of sensory nerves that penetrate tissues of the skin, eyes and other sensory organs. "The formation of dendritic branches—'arbors' as we call them—is vital for allowing sensory nerves to collect information and sample the environment appropriately," said Hannes Buelow, Ph.D., senior author of the Cell paper and associate professor of genetics at Einstein. "These arbors vary greatly in shape and complexity, reflecting the different types of sensory input they receive. The loss of dendritic complexity has been linked to a range of neurological problems including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders." Dr. Buelow is also associate professor in the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience.
The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, revealed that humans possess some 20,500 genes and determined the DNA sequence of each. But for many of those genes, their function in the body has remained unknown. The newly identified gene falls into this "previously unknown function" category. In fact, the gene belongs to an entire class of genes that had no known function in any organism.
One way to learn what genes do is to study a model organism like the roundworm, which possesses a similar number of genes as people but only 956 cells, of which 302 are nerve cells (neurons). By knocking out or mutating roundworm genes and observing the effects, researchers can obtain insight into how genes influence the animal's structure or physiology.
The Einstein scientists were looking for genes that organize the structure of the developing nervous system. They focused on a pair of roundworm sensory neurons, known as PVD neurons, which together produce the largest web of dendrites of any neurons in the roundworm—a sensory web that covers almost the entire skin surface of the worm and detects pain and extreme temperatures.
Suspecting that a gene acts in the skin to "instruct" nearby dendrites to branch, the researchers set out to identify the one responsible. To find it, they induced random mutations in the worms, singled out those worms displaying defects in PVD dendrite branching, and then identified the gene mutations that caused the defective branching.
This lengthy procedure, known as a genetic screen, was carried out by Yehuda Salzberg, Ph.D., the study's lead author and a postdoctoral fellow in Dr. Buelow's lab. The screen revealed that four mutations in the same gene caused defective branching of PVD dendrites. The researchers showed that this gene's expression in the skin produces an extracellular protein that triggers normal branching of PVD dendrites during development. The dendritic branches of PVD neurons had previously been described as resembling menorahs, so the Einstein scientists named this gene mnr-1 and dubbed its protein menorin, or MNR-1.
The mnr-1 gene's newly identified function in orchestrating dendrite branching is presumably not limited to roundworms. Versions of this gene are present in multicellular animals from the simplest to the most complex, including humans. Genes conserved in this way, through millions of years of evolution, tend to be genes that are absolutely necessary for maintaining life.
Further study revealed that menorin synthesized in the skin was necessary but not sufficient to prompt PVD dendrite branching. The menorin protein appears to form a complex with SAX-7/L1CAM, a well-known cell-adhesion protein found in the skin and elsewhere in the roundworm. The researchers found evidence that dendrite branching ensues when this two-protein complex is sensed by DMA-1, a receptor molecule found on growing sensory dendrites.
"A fair amount was already known about factors within sensory neurons that regulate dendrite branching," said Dr. Buelow. "But until now, we knew next to nothing about external cues that pattern the sensory dendrites crucial to the functioning of any of our five senses. Hopefully, our success in finding two skin-derived cues that orchestrate dendrite branching will help in identifying cues involved in other sensory organs and possibly in the brain. Finding such cues could conceivably lead to therapies for replacing dendrite arbors depleted by injury or disease."
The paper is titled "Skin-derived cues control arborization of sensory dendrites in Caenorhabditis elegans." Other Einstein scientists involved in the research were Zaven Kaprielian, Ph.D., and graduate students Carlos A. Díaz-Balzac, Nelson Ramirez, Matthew Attreed, Eillen Tecle, and Muriel Desbois.
The work was funded in part by grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007288, T32GM007491), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD055380, P30HD071593, F31HD066967), the National Cancer Institute (P30CA013330) and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31 NS076243), all parts of the National Institutes of Health.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
About Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University is one of the nation's premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2012-2013 academic year, Einstein is home to 742 M.D. students, 245 Ph.D. students, 116 students in the combined M.D./Ph.D program, and 360 postdoctoral research fellows. The College of Medicine has more than 2,000 full-time faculty members located on the main campus and at its clinical affiliates. In 2012, Einstein received over $160 million in awards from the NIH. This includes the funding of major research centers at Einstein in diabetes, cancer, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Its partnership with Montefiore Medical Center, the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein, advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. Through its extensive affiliation network involving Montefiore, Jacobi Medical Center-Einstein's founding hospital, and five other hospital systems in the Bronx, Manhattan, Long Island and Brooklyn, Einstein runs one of the largest residency and fellowship training programs in the medical and dental professions in the United States. For more information, please visit http://www.einstein.yu.edu, read our blog, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, and view us on (YouTube.
Journal
Cell