The new study, published in the journal PLOS ONE shows that people with drug-related criminal records in Norway have a mortality rate that can be up to 15 times higher than people with no criminal record. Also, people with a police record of driving under the influence of alcohol have significantly shortened life-spans compared to the overall population.
"Our findings are surprising, because Norway is well-known for its egalitarianism," says IIASA researcher Vegard Skirbekk, who led the study. But in fact, in comparison to other countries, the mortality rate for criminal offenders in Norway was as high or higher than in many other European countries, as well as the United States.
"This study suggests that under the surface of Norway's egalitarian society, stark inequality still exists," he says.
How much of the difference was linked to drug abuse? Previous research had shown that people with criminal records are more likely to have had substance abuse problems, and drug and alcohol abuse is associated with higher mortality rates. But previous studies of criminal records and mortality had not distinguished between drug use and other lifestyle risks in explaining differing mortality rates.
The study confirmed that drug and alcohol use played an important role in the higher mortality rates among convicted criminals: those people imprisoned once for use or possession of drugs had a relatively mortality risk 8 times higher than those with no criminal record, and those imprisoned more than twice for drug-related offenses had a relative mortality risk of 10 to 13 times higher than those with no criminal record. The differences were higher for women.
However it also showed that even for prisoners who did not have substance abuse problems, the mortality rate was still nearly twice as high compared to the non-offender population.
The new study was the first nationwide study of criminal record and mortality in Norway, and one of the largest such studies to date worldwide. Conducted in collaboration with Statistics Norway, it relied on data on crimes, drug, and alcohol use, and mortality from national administrative registries in Norway, and adjusted for age and socio-economic factors.
Says Skirbekk, "Mortality is an excellent measure of inequality. While other measures such as income and education can be incomplete or subjective, mortality is precise."
Reference
Torborn Skardhamar and Vegard Skirbekk. 2013. Relative mortality among criminals in Norway and the relation to drug and alcohol related offenses. PLOS ONE, 9 November 2013. http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077967
For more information please contact:
Vegard Skirbekk
Project Leader World Population
+43(0) 2236 807 378
skirbekk@iiasa.ac.at
Katherine Leitzell
IIASA Press Office
Tel: +43 2236 807 316
Mob: +43 676 83 807 316
leitzell@iiasa.ac.at
About IIASA:
IIASA is an international scientific institute that conducts research into the critical issues of global environmental, economic, technological, and social change that we face in the twenty-first century. Our findings provide valuable options to policy makers to shape the future of our changing world. IIASA is independent and funded by scientific institutions in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Oceania, and Europe. http://www.iiasa.ac.at
Journal
PLoS ONE