image: This is Seth Tomchik, a TSRI biologist who led the study. view more
Credit: The Scripps Research Institute
JUPITER, FL – March 27, 2014 – Memories are difficult to produce, often fragile, and dependent on any number of factors—including changes to various types of nerves. In the common fruit fly—a scientific doppelganger used to study human memory formation—these changes take place in multiple parts of the insect brain.
Scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have been able to pinpoint a handful of neurons where certain types of memory formation occur, a mapping feat that one day could help scientists predict disease-damaged neurons in humans with the same specificity.
"What we found is that while a lot of the neurons will respond to sensory stimuli, only a certain subclass of neurons actually encodes the memory," said Seth Tomchik, a TSRI biologist who led the study, which was published March 27, 2014, online ahead of print by the journal Current Biology.
The researchers examined a type of neuron called dopaminergic neurons—which respond to dopamine, a well-known neurotransmitter—and are involved in shaping diverse behaviors, including learning, motivation, addiction and obesity.
In the study, the scientists followed the stimulation of a large number of these neurons when an odor was paired with an aversive event such as a mild electric shock. The scientists then used imaging technology to follow changes in the brains of live flies, mapping the activation patterns of signaling molecules within the neurons and observing learning-related plasticity—in which neurons change and develop memory traces.
The scientists found that the neurons that did encode memories responded to a cellular signaling messenger known as cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) that is vital for many biological processes. cAMP is involved in a number of psychological disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and its dysregulation may underlie some cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and Neurofibramatosis I.
In fact, the study pointed to a specific location in the brain—a particular lobe with a region known as the mushroom body—where the neurons appear to be particularly sensitive to elevated amounts of cAMP.
According to Tomchik, that's an important finding in terms of human memory because olfactory memory formation in the fruit fly is very similar to human memory formation.
"We have a good model in these two classes of neurons, one that encodes and one that doesn't," he said. "Now we know exactly where the memory formation should be and where to look to see how disease may disrupt it."
Tamara Boto, the first author of the study and a member of Tomchik's laboratory, added, "We know where, but we don't yet know the mechanism of why only these subsets are affected. That's our next job—to figure that out."
In addition to Tomchik and Boto, authors of the study, "Dopaminergic Modulation of Camp Drives Nonlinear Plasticity Across the Drosophila Mushroom Body Lobes," are Thierry Louis and Kantiya Jindachomthong of TSRI; and Kees Jalink of The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant MH092294).
About The Scripps Research Institute:
The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) is one of the world's largest independent, not-for-profit organizations focusing on research in the biomedical sciences. TSRI is internationally recognized for its contributions to science and health, including its role in laying the foundation for new treatments for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, hemophilia, and other diseases. An institution that evolved from the Scripps Metabolic Clinic founded by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps in 1924, the institute now employs about 3,000 people on its campuses in La Jolla, CA, and Jupiter, FL, where its renowned scientists—including three Nobel laureates—work toward their next discoveries. The institute's graduate program, which awards PhD degrees in biology and chemistry, ranks among the top ten of its kind in the nation. For more information, see http://www.scripps.edu.
Once available to the public, this and other press releases are posted on the TSRI website at http://www.scripps.edu/news/newsreleases.html
Journal
Current Biology