Under stress, people are inclined to resort to habits, rather than trying out new things. In the journal PNAS, psychologists from the Ruhr-Universität Bochum and the Technische Universität Dortmund report that this is true not only for adults, but also for infants.
Unfamiliar situations akin to everyday life caused an increase in the stress hormone cortisol
Together with their colleagues, Dr Sabine Seehagen from Bochum and Prof Dr Norbert Zmyj from Dortmund studied 26 infants at the age of 15 months who underwent a learning task. Approx. half of the infants had previously been subjected to stressful situations such as they may occur in their everyday life: a stranger sat down next to them, a dancing robot played loud music and moved around, their parents left the room for a maximum of four minutes. These events caused an increase in the stress hormone cortisol. The infants in the control group spent the same period of time playing with their parents.
Stressed infants hardly explored alternative behaviours
Then, the infants were presented with a box containing two lamps and learned that one of them emitted a red light when pressed and the other one a blue light. They were allowed to press one of the lamps as often as they liked while access to the other lamp was blocked. In the subsequent test, the infants were free to choose which lamp they wanted to play with, but now neither of them lit up. Even though the lamps did no longer work, infants in the stress group continued to press the lamp that they had got used to pressing. Children in the control group exhibited more flexible behaviour and pressed the other lamp significantly more frequently.
Experiment design adapted for children from adult studies
In adults, it has been well-documented that stress promotes habits and reduces cognitive flexibility. The team from Bochum and Dortmund adapted an experimental design used in adult studies, enabling the researchers to analyse the same effects in infants. "If infants are repeatedly exposed to stress and therefore don't try out alternative behaviours, this may have a negative impact on their knowledge acquisition," says Sabine Seehagen. "This effect should be investigated in further studies in more detail."
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Bibliographic record
S. Seehagen, S. Schneider, J. Rudolph, S. Ernst, N. Zmyj (2015): Stress impairs cognitive flexibility in infants, PNAS, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508345112
Further information
Dr Sabine Seehagen, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Faculty of Psychology at Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochumer Fenster 3/ 10, Massenbergstraße 9-13, 44787 Bochum, Germany, phone: +49/234/32-28537; email: sabine.seehagen@rub.de
Prof Dr Norbert Zmyj, Chair of Developmental Psychology, Faculty 12 Pedagogy, Psychology and Soziology, TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 50, 44227 Dortmund, Germany, Email: norbert.zmyj@tu-dortmund.de
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences