image: Lead researcher on the study and investigator at the Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah. view more
Credit: Huntsman Cancer Institute
SALT LAKE CITY - Inheriting a mutation in the APC gene leads to a nearly 100% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer. While colon cancer can be kept at bay by removing the large intestine, these patients also have up to a 15% risk of getting cancer in the small intestine, which is the leading cause of cancer death in this patient group. A new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), has identified the first prevention treatment for these patients, a two-drug combination that significantly reduces the number and size of precancerous polyps in the small intestine.
Jewel Samadder, MD, is the lead researcher on the study from Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) at the University of Utah. He says that medical and surgical management of these patients is difficult since it is hard to remove precancerous polyps in the small intestine and surgical removal of this region of the small, as well as the large intestine, means that patients have a hard time absorbing nutrients. "We have been left with very few, really no options to offer treatment."
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited disorder that occurs in 1 out of 10,000 people. It is caused by a mutation in the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene that is inherited from one parent. Patients with FAP form hundreds to thousands of polyps in their large and small intestine. Many patients have their large intestine removed to prevent colon cancer, but for some patients with a large number of small intestine polyps, it is difficult to prevent cancer from occurring.
Research studies using cultured colon cancer cells and in a mouse model for FAP, suggested that blocking two different biochemical pathways at the same time may inhibit cancer growth. Specifically, in the mouse FAP model, giving a drug that blocked an inflammation pathway driven by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and a drug that blocked the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), reduced the development of small intestine cancer in the animals by 87%.
Deborah Neklason, PhD, a researcher on the study, says the current clinical trial used the information obtained in basic science to test a drug combination of sulindac (inhibitor of COX-2) and erlotinib (inhibitor of EGFR). "This trial is an effort to go at two pathways that intersect and see if we could drive down the development of polyps and cancer in the small intestine," says Neklason.
Ninety-two FAP patients were identified from the Huntsman Cancer Institute Hereditary Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry, one of the largest registries in the world, and were entered into a trial where half received drug and half placebo. The trial was blinded so neither the patients nor researchers knew who was getting the drug. Both groups of patients received an endoscopy before the trial began and again after six months in order to visualize and characterize the size and number of polyps before and after treatment.
At the time of the six-month endoscopy, the drug treatment group had significantly fewer (p<0.001) and smaller polyps than the placebo group with an overall reduction in polyps of 71% (p<0.001). "This is an important example of bench to bedside science where discoveries in cell biology and preclinical mouse models have translated into a precision prevention clinical trial in a high risk patient group," says Samadder.
The most common side effects in patients receiving treatment were an acne like rash (87%) and canker sores (39.1%). Many patients had their drug dose reduced during the six months of the trial, but this did not appear to affect the reduction in polyp burden or number suggesting that lower doses of drug could be used in future trials.
Samadder says most of the side effects were tolerable, "for a drug treatment that provides precision prevention, where you identify a precise group of patients at the highest cancer risk, the medication may have a risk profile, but the risk benefit ratio changes because the patient may have a few side effects, but reducing the risk of cancer is more important."
According to Samadder, while this preliminary trial is encouraging, it is still not known if the drug combination prevents cancer altogether. The patients are being followed for the next two years, which will help determine long-term outcomes. Future multi-center trials will look at using the drugs at different dosage, as well as using erlotinib and sulinac alone or in combination.
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Samadder and co-authors Deborah W. Neklason, Kenneth M. Boucher, Kathryn Byrne, Priyanka Kanth, Wade Samowitz, David Jones, Sean V. Tavtigian, Michelle W. Done, Therese Berry, Kory Jasperson, Lisa Pappas, Laurel Smith, Danielle Sample, Rian Davis, Matthew K. Topham, and Randall W. Burt are from Huntsman Cancer Institute and the University of Utah. Patrick Lynch is from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Clinic, Elena Strait is from Penrose Hospital in Colorado Springs, Wendy McKinnon is from the University of Vermont Cancer Center, and Scott K. Kuwada is from the Department of Medicine at the University of Hawaii.
This work was supported by National Cancer institute (NCI) grants P01-CA073992 (RWB and SVT) and Huntsman Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support Grant (NCI P30CA042014), as well as by the Huntsman Cancer Foundation. Samadder was supported by a junior faculty career development award from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). Research reported in this publication was also supported by the National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, under Award Number 1ULTR001067.
About Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah
Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) is one of the world’s top academic research and cancer treatment centers. HCI manages the Utah Population Database - the largest genetic database in the world, with more than 16 million records linked to genealogies, health records, and vital statistics. Using this data, HCI researchers have identified cancer-causing genes, including the genes responsible for melanoma, colon and breast cancer, and paraganglioma. HCI is a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (a 26-member alliance of the world's leading cancer centers) and is a National Cancer Institute-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center. HCI treats patients with all forms of cancer and operates several high-risk clinics that focus on melanoma and breast, colon, and pancreas cancers. The HCI Cancer Learning Center for patient and public education contains one of the nation's largest collections of cancer-related publications. The institute is named after Jon M. Huntsman, Sr., a Utah philanthropist, industrialist, and cancer survivor.
Journal
JAMA