A Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) research team has identified an additional mechanism for resistance to targeted treatment for BRAF-mutant melanoma. Their paper, receiving advance online publication in Nature Medicine, reports that inactivating mutations in two genes responsible for regulating key aspects of cell division can reactivate the signaling pathway driving tumor growth that had been blocked by BRAF inhibitor drugs.
"Our finding that loss of the tumor suppressors STAG2 or STAG3 is a novel genetic mechanism of BRAF inhibitor resistance also revealed an unexpected link between those proteins and the MAPK cell-growth pathway, activation of which drives these tumors," says Bin Zheng, PhD, of the Cutaneous Biology Research Center at MGH, corresponding author of the paper. "Understanding and overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibition remains a major challenge facing the melanoma field. Indentifying biomarkers capable of predicting response to BRAF inhibitor drugs - such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib - will facilitate early identification of patients likely to benefit from treatment and enable monitoring the development of resistance, which would allow consideration of other treatment options prior to relapse."
In about half the cases of malignant melanoma - the most deadly form of skin cancer - tumor growth is driven by mutations in the BRAF gene, and treatment of those tumors with drugs that inhibit BRAF activity can reverse tumor growth in most cases. But treatment resistance almost invariably develops, leading to a resumption of tumor growth. Several mechanisms behind this resistance have been identified, including mutations in other genes in the MAPK pathway, of which BRAF is a component, which essentially circumvents the suppression of BRAF activity. But as many as 25 percent of cases of resistance to BRAF inhibitors do not involve identified mechanisms.
In their search for additional resistance mechanisms, the investigators first performed whole-exome sequencing of a patient's tumor samples taken before treatment and after the development of resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafinib. A comparison of novel mutations in the post-resistance sample with a list of known cancer-associated mutations identified a single significant mutation in the tumor suppressor STAG2. That gene and related genes called STAG1 and STAG3 code for subunits of the cohesin complex, an assembly of proteins that regulates an essential stage in cellular division - the separation of chromosomes - and also may play a role in the regulation of gene expression. Several cohesin complex genes, including STAG2, are known to be mutated in other forms of cancer. Zheng notes that exactly how the proteins exert their tumor suppressor functions in any type of cancer has yet to be determined.
Examination of the levels of all three STAG proteins in a panel of treatment-resistant melanoma cell lines identified reduced expression of STAG2 and STAG3 in several lines, including some that were resistant to inhibition of both BRAF and of MEK, another protein in the MAPK pathway. They identified what may be the responsible STAG2 mutation, and while they could not find any STAG3 mutation in their panel, examination of data from a previously published study of BRAF inhibitor treatment identified STAG3 mutations in pretreatment samples of tumors that soon developed resistance to treatment.
Experiments in cultured melanoma cell lines and in tumors implanted into mice revealed that knockdown of the expression of either protein reduced sensitivity to BRAF inhibition by reactivating a later stage of the MAPK pathway. In contrast, increasing the expression of either STAG2 or STAG3 in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells increased the effectiveness of vemurafinib treatment.
"The observation that mutations of STAG2 or STAG3 can lead to reactivation of the MAPK pathway was a novel and unexpected finding of our study," says Zheng, who is an assistant professor of Dermatology at Harvard Medical School. "We are now working to identify vulnerabilities in STAG2/3 mutant melanomas and discover new approaches to targeting these tumors, which we hope will provide new insight into both preventing BRAF inhibitor resistance and treating tumors that have become resistant."
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Additional authors of the Nature Medicine report are lead author Che-Hung Shen, PhD, of the MGH Cutaneous Biology Research Center (CBRC), who is now at the China Medical University in Taiwan; Sun Hye Kim, Sebastian Trousil, PhD, Ping Yuan, Li Cai, Man Li, PhD, Jung Hyun Lee, PhD, Devarati Mitra, MD, PhD, and David Fisher, MD, PhD, MGH CBRC; Dennie Frederick, Ryan Sullivan, MD, and Keith Flaherty, MD, MGH Cancer Center; Adriano Piris, MD, Brigham and Women's Hospital; and Lei Gu, PhD, Boston Children's Hospital. Support for the study includes grants from the Miriam and Sheldon Adelson Medical Research Foundation, the V Foundation, the Harry J. Lloyd Charitable Trust, the Melanoma Research Alliance and National Institutes of Health grants P01 CA163222, R01 AR043369, R21 A175907 and R01 CA166717.
Massachusetts General Hospital, founded in 1811, is the original and largest teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. The MGH Research Institute conducts the largest hospital-based research program in the nation, with an annual research budget of more than $800 million and major research centers in HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular research, cancer, computational and integrative biology, cutaneous biology, human genetics, medical imaging, neurodegenerative disorders, regenerative medicine, reproductive biology, systems biology, photomedicine and transplantation biology. The MGH topped the 2015 Nature Index list of health care organizations publishing in leading scientific journals, earned the prestigious 2015 Foster G. McGaw Prize for Excellence in Community Service. In August 2016 the MGH was once again named to the Honor Roll in the U.S. News & World Report list of "America's Best Hospitals."
Journal
Nature Medicine