image: Schematic shows how a chemical modulation layer "sanitizes" the face mask wearer's respiratory droplets. view more
Credit: Northwestern University
In the pandemic, people wear face masks to respect and protect others -- not merely to protect themselves, says a team of Northwestern University researchers.
With this in mind, the researchers developed a new concept for a mask that aims to make the wearer less infectious. The central idea, which received support from the National Science Foundation through a RAPID grant, is to modify mask fabrics with anti-viral chemicals that can sanitize exhaled, escaped respiratory droplets.
By simulating inhalation, exhalation, coughs and sneezes in the laboratory, the researchers found that non-woven fabrics used in most masks work well to demonstrate the concept. A lint-free wipe with just 19% fiber density, for example, sanitized up to 82% of escaped respiratory droplets by volume. Such fabrics do not make breathing more difficult, and the on-mask chemicals did not detach during simulated inhalation experiments.
The research will be published on Oct. 29 in the journal Matter.
Importance of protecting others
"Masks are perhaps the most important component of the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to fight a pandemic," said Northwestern's Jiaxing Huang, who led the study. "We quickly realized that a mask not only protects the person wearing it, but much more importantly, it protects others from being exposed to the droplets (and germs) released by the wearer.
"There seems to be quite some confusion about mask wearing, as some people don't think they need personal protection," Huang added. "Perhaps we should call it public health equipment (PHE) instead of PPE."
Huang is a professor of materials science and engineering in Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering. Graduate student Haiyue Huang and postdoctoral fellow Hun Park, both members of Huang's laboratory, are co-first authors of the paper.
"Where there is an outbreak of infectious respiratory disease, controlling the source is most effective in preventing viral spread," said Haiyue Huang, a 2020 Ryan Fellowship Awardee. "After they leave the source, respiratory droplets become more diffuse and more difficult to control."
The goal and results
Although masks can block or reroute exhaled respiratory droplets, many droplets (and their embedded viruses) still escape. From there, virus-laden droplets can infect another person directly or land on surfaces to indirectly infect others. Huang's team aimed to chemically alter the escape droplets to make the viruses inactivate more quickly.
To accomplish this, Huang sought to design a mask fabric that: (1) Would not make breathing more difficult, (2) Can load molecular anti-viral agents such as acid and metal ions that can readily dissolve in escaped droplets, and (3) Do not contain volatile chemicals or easily detachable materials that could be inhaled by the wearer.
After performing multiple experiments, Huang and his team selected two well-known antiviral chemicals: phosphoric acid and copper salt. These non-volatile chemicals were appealing because neither can be vaporized and then potentially inhaled. And both create a local chemical environment that is unfavorable for viruses.
"Virus structures are actually very delicate and 'brittle,'" Huang said. "If any part of the virus malfunctions, then it loses the ability to infect."
Huang's team grew a layer of a conducting polymer polyaniline on the surface of the mask fabric fibers. The material adheres strongly to the fibers, acting as reservoirs for acid and copper salts. The researchers found that even loose fabrics with low-fiber packing densities of about 11%, such as medical gauze, still altered 28% of exhaled respiratory droplets by volume. For tighter fabrics, such as lint-free wipes (the type of fabrics typically used in the lab for cleaning), 82% of respiratory droplets were modified.
Huang hopes the current work provides a scientific foundation for other researchers, particularly in other parts of the world, to develop their own versions of this chemical modulation strategy and test it further with viral samples or even with patients.
"Our research has become an open knowledge, and we will love to see more people joining this effort to develop tools for strengthening public health responses," Huang said. "The work is done nearly entirely in lab during campus shutdown. We hope to show researchers in non-biological side of science and engineering and those without many resources or connections that they can also contribute their energy and talent."
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This work was mainly supported by the National Science Foundation (RAPID DMR-2026944).
Journal
Matter