Composition, Functional Mechanisms, and Biological Roles of Akkermansia muciniphila Extracellular Vesicles (Akk-EVs) (IMAGE)
Caption
Biological characteristics, functions, and composition of Akk-EVs (A) Akk-EVs are enriched with proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA, and are involved in iron-regulated pathways. These vesicles facilitate host-microbe interactions by delivering bioactive molecules to host cells. (B) The functional roles of Akk-EVs include modulating immune responses and cellular signaling. For instance, Akk-EVs carry miRNAs such as let-7i, which regulate gene expression, Amuc_1100, a membrane protein that interacts with host factors like Lipin1 to influence metabolic pathways, and Amuc_2172, which acts as an acetyltransferase to promote HSP70 secretion, contributing to intestinal immune homeostasis and anti-inflammatory responses. (C) The composition of Akk-EVs includes OM and IM components, as well as core molecules like d-glucose and l-galactose, which contribute to their structural and functional specificity. These components play critical roles in mediating their effects on host cells.
Credit
Yu-di Wang, Wen-long Lin, Shang-yuan Wu, Xiao-jing He, Zi-hao Ou, Lei Zheng.
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