Schematic summary of exRNA roles in cancer. ExRNAs enable therapy, diagnosis, and monitoring through exosome-based delivery, with future potential in AI-guided, personalized treatments. Key challenges include standardization, targeting, and safe clinical (IMAGE)

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Schematic summary of exRNA roles in cancer. ExRNAs enable therapy, diagnosis, and monitoring through exosome-based delivery, with future potential in AI-guided, personalized treatments. Key challenges include standardization, targeting, and safe clinical

Caption

Schematic summary of exRNA roles in cancer. ExRNAs enable therapy, diagnosis, and monitoring through exosome-based delivery, with future potential in AI-guided, personalized treatments. Key challenges include standardization, targeting, and safe clinical application.

Credit

Nik Mohd Afizan Nik Abd Rahman, Che Nur Mazadillina Che Zahari, Mohd Azuraidi Osman, Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen/Universiti Putra Malaysia, Nur Akmarina Mohd Said/Universiti Malaya, Shazreen Shaharuddin/Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Putri Cahaya Situmorang/Universitas Sumatera Utara

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