Treatment of glioblastoma with tumor-specific amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (IMAGE)
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Figure 4: GBMF treatment disrupts the mitotic spindle(s) of GB cells. U251 cells were exposed to 27.12 MHz RF EMF amplitude modulated at GB specific frequencies three hours daily for seven days. (A) Mitotic spindle visualization and quantification by two blinded, independent investigators revealed that AM RF EMF treated cells exhibit a higher number of mitotic spindle disruption events than control cells. (B) There were significantly more mitotic events (Questionable+Abnormal) among the GBMF treated cells (366.67% increase) compared to the SHAM untreated cells; 2-tail t-test p = 0.0016. Additionally, when using the strictest analysis of mitotic events (Abnormal only) there was a significantly greater number of events among the GBMF treated cells (640% increase) compared to the SHAM untreated cells; 2-tail t-test p = 0.0478. Representative images/data shown.
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Copyright: © 2025 Jimenez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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