Systemic risk and shock propagation in the global cobalt supply chain. (IMAGE)
Caption
Systemic risk and shock propagation in the global cobalt supply chain. This schematic illustrates the multilayer structure of the global cobalt supply chain and how localized disruptions propagate through it. Trade flows connect countries within each life-cycle stage (mining, refining, manufacturing, use, waste management, and recycling), while interlayer links represent transformative flows between stages. Shocks originating at a specific country or stage can spread through both direct and indirect pathways, cascading horizontally across economies and vertically along the supply chain. Systemic risk is quantified using two indicators—systemic fragility and exposure rate—highlighting how concentrated production and strong interdependencies can amplify small disturbances into large-scale network failures.
Credit
Environmental Science and Ecotechnology
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CC BY-NC-ND