Shared immune features in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis (IMAGE)
Caption
The upper half of the scheme (above the dashed line) illustrates immune mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD), while the lower half is specific to multiple sclerosis (MS). In PD, α-synuclein accumulation activates microglia, leading to the release of IL-1β, which promotes astrocyte activation and neuroinflammation. Activated microglia present antigen to T cells, promoting Th17 differentiation and IL-17A production. In MS, autoreactive T cells are primed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the periphery, cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and infiltrate into the CNS. Within the CNS, Th1 and Th17 cells release IFN-γ and IL-17A, contributing to demyelination and neuronal injury
Credit
Professor Qiang Liu, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China Image source link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44466-025-00011-3
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