A schematic illustration presenting a comprehensive overview of the intricate bidirectional relationship between cancer and inflammation (IMAGE)
Caption
The linkages between cancer and inflammation are built around various aspects, including signaling pathways, therapeutic selections, biomarkers, preventive strategies, and emerging technologies. Key inflammatory signaling pathways (NF-κB, STAT3, COX-2, HIF-1α, NLRP3 inflammasome) and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) drive tumorigenesis and immune evasion. The figure highlights diagnostic markers (CRP, IL-6, NLR, PIV) and predictive indicators (microsatellites), alongside therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, CAR-T, LAG-3, vaccines, BiTEs, TILs), and preventive approaches (aspirin, NSAIDs, anti-inflammatory agents, microbiome modulation). Translational advances and clinical applications, such as integrating immunotherapy with anti-inflammatory agents, are emphasized to underscore personalized treatment and resistance management. BiTEs, bispecific T-cell engagers; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; CRP, C-reactive protein; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; IL-6, interleukin-6; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; NLRP3 inflammasome, NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PD-1, programmed death 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; PIV, pan-immune-inflammation value; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Credit
WenQing Yang
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License
CC BY-NC