Key conceptual frameworks redefining psychiatric diagnosis. (IMAGE)
Caption
Key conceptual frameworks redefining psychiatric diagnosis. The figure shows select schematic principles rather than empirical examples. All panels are purely illustrative and should not be interpreted as empirical or quantitative findings. (A) Network theory conceptualises mental disorders as systems of interacting symptoms, where highly connected “central” symptoms maintain the network and represent potential treatment targets (27). Symptom clusters (positive, negative, cognitive) are shown as illustrative examples. (B) HiTOP (Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology) organises psychopathology hierarchically from individual symptoms and traits to syndromes, spectra, and a general psychopathology factor representing shared liability to mental illness (28). (C) RDoC (Research Domain Criteria) defines disorders as dysfunctions across neurobiological and behavioural domains examined at multiple units of analysis, from genes to self-reports (3). (D) Clinical staging model introduces a temporal dimension, describing illness progression from premorbid risk (stage 0) through first episode (stage 2) to chronic illness (stage 4), emphasising early detection and intervention (26), illustrated here using psychosis as an example. While clinical staging explicitly models illness progression over time, temporal dynamics can also be incorporated in other frameworks, including predictive temporal network models and intra-individual time-series approaches.
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Sabine Bahn
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