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Higher Education Press

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Concept and experimental demonstration of inverse-designed topological couplers for on-chip vectorial structured light. (a) Conceptual illustration of constructing structured light using four fundamental degrees of freedom (DoFs): spatial distribution, amplitude, phase, and frequency. These DoFs enable the generation of diverse structured-light patterns in both free space and integrated photonic platforms. (b) The input and target vectorial fields are discretized into finite-dimensional matrices, and their relation is described by a transmission matrix T mapping to. (c) Schematic of two honeycomb valley photonic crystal unit cells (VPC1/VPC2). (d) Schematic of the topological/trivial regions and their interface formed by VPC1/VPC2. (e) SEM image of the fabricated device with an inverse-designed coupling region of approximately 5μm×5 μm. (f)  Optical intensity distribution of the fabrication-aware design.

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