TCA cycle overview and study methodology. (IMAGE)
Caption
(A) The TCA cycle is a central metabolic hub that integrates energy production, biosynthesis, and redox functions. It supports ATP production through the generation of the reducing equivalents NADH and FADH2 (shown in red). TCA cycle intermediates are precursors for the synthesis of lipids, amino acids, and other metabolites. Metabolites such as ɑ-KG, succinate, fumarate, and malate have diverse functions regulating redox balance, antioxidant defense, epigenetics, and immune functions. (B) (1) TCA cycle metabolites were analyzed in male and female C57BL/6J mouse eye tissues collected at 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. (2) The retina, RPE/choroid, lens, and cornea were removed and snap frozen for later analysis. Tissue metabolites were extracted (3) and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (4), generating spectra of relative abundance versus mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). (5) Data quantification identified metabolites of interest and external standards were prepared for absolute quantification. (6) Statistical analyses revealed sex-dependent metabolic differences across ocular tissues.
Credit
Cloe Ratliff
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