Pathological progression of MASLD and corresponding in vitro modelling strategies. (IMAGE)
Caption
MASLD is characterised by progressive lipid accumulation with subsequent lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocellular injury, which in turn trigger inflammatory responses involving KCs, MoMFs, HSCs, B cells and CD8+ T cells. These multicellular interactions contribute to chronic inflammation. In vitro models of increasing complexity have been developed to recapitulate specific features of the MASLD microenvironment. Model complexity generally correlates with enhanced ability to simulate inflammation and tissue-level interactions. Created with biorender.com. CICs, circulating immune cell; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress; FFA, free fatty acids; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; IL-1β, interleukin one beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; KC, Kupffer cell; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MoMFs, monocyte-derived macrophages; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha.
Credit
By Qi Rao, Lei Wang, Frank Tacke, Adrien Guillot, Nan Ma
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Credit must be given to the creator. Only noncommercial uses of the work are permitted.
License
CC BY-NC