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National University of Singapore

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(a) Performance comparison of reported urea electrosynthesis catalysts, showing that the Cd–Fe2O3 catalyst developed in this work (highlighted) achieves both high urea selectivity and high production rate. (b) The Cd–Fe2O3 catalyst maintains stable urea production over 100 hours of continuous operation at −0.5 V versus RHE (a standard electrochemical reference potential). (c) Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that cadmium (Cd) modification makes the urea-forming pathway easier by lowering the key energy barrier, helping the catalyst favour urea production over side reactions. [Image credit: Nature Synthesis]

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Nature Synthesis

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