Cumulative primary demand (2021–2050) for lithium, cobalt, manganese and nickel for Europe’s e-mobility transition under nine scenarios. (IMAGE)

Higher Education Press

Cumulative primary demand (2021–2050) for lithium, cobalt, manganese and nickel for Europe’s e-mobility transition under nine scenarios.

Caption

Cobalt is the most supply-constrained metal under state of art NMC battery technology, while an advanced LFP-based battery technology pathways substantially reduce primary demand for cobalt, manganese, and nickel.

Credit

Wu Chen et al.

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CC BY-NC-ND

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