Assessment and diagnosis of women with suspected pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) (IMAGE)

International Osteoporosis Foundation

Assessment and diagnosis of women with suspected pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO)

Caption

Assessment and diagnosis of women with suspected pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO). *Consider referral to an orthopedic specialist or traumatologist. **Should include C-reactive protein, complete blood count, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, liver function tests, creatinine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, estrogen, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and protein electrophoresis. Additionally, the assessment of biochemical markers of bone turnover (CTX, P1NP) might be useful. ***Including vertebral fracture assessment, if available. DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PLO, pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis.

Credit

Reproduced from: Hadji P, Athanasiadis A, Brandi M-L, et al. Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis: A position statement of the IAPM, IOF, ECTS, ESCEO, IMS, and EMAS. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71203 Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

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