Spent lithium-ion battery recycling: From environmental threats to technological solutions (IMAGE)
Caption
This figure systematically delineates the research framework for spent lithium-ion battery recycling from three dimensions: process routes, bibliometric analysis, and environmental risks. The circular schematic constructs a closed-loop regeneration pathway for battery materials, incorporating pretreatment, echelon utilization, hydrometallurgical/pyrometallurgical processes, bioleaching, and direct regeneration. The keyword co-occurrence network visualizes the research hotspots and thematic clustering relationships within the field. The risk diagram summarizes the safety, ecological, and human health risks associated with the recycling process. Collectively, this figure elucidates the technological architecture, research frontiers, and environmental constraints governing lithium-ion battery resource recovery.
Credit
Materials Reports: Solidwaste and Ecomaterials, Tsinghua University Press
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