Comprehensive framework of microbiome applications in lung cancer immunotherapy. (IMAGE)
Caption
Comprehensive framework of microbiome applications in lung cancer immunotherapy. This figure summarizes key findings and clinical applications of microbiome research in lung cancer immunotherapy. Section 1 (microbiome characteristics): Presents the characteristics of microbial communities in the oral cavity, airways, lungs, and intestines, including non-invasive, stable, dynamic, monitoring, and interventional aspects. Section 2 (interaction mechanisms): This section highlights four main pathways: regulation of immune checkpoints through bacterial metabolites, influencing PD-1/PD-L1 expression; modulation of cytokine networks through microbial stimulation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators; activation of T cells through bacterial antigen cross-reactivity; and metabolic processes that reprogram the tumor microenvironment. Section 3 (predictive biomarkers): Highlights microbiome features predictive of treatment outcomes and biomarkers associated with immune-related adverse events. Section 4 (therapeutic strategies): Outlines intervention methods, including probiotics, FMT, dietary adjustments, and engineered bacteria with arrows indicating the integration with standard immunotherapy. FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; irAEs, immune-related adverse events; PD-1, programmed death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids.
Credit
Cancer Biology & Medicine
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CC BY