Figure. Cross-lagged panel model illustrating significant longitudinal associations among loneliness, depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, and prosocial behavior across three waves. (IMAGE)

Kanazawa University

Figure. Cross-lagged panel model illustrating significant longitudinal associations among loneliness, depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, and prosocial behavior across three waves.

Caption

Figure. Cross-lagged panel model illustrating significant longitudinal associations among loneliness, depressive symptoms, aggressive behavior, and prosocial behavior across three waves.
Standardized coefficients (β) are presented. Thicker lines indicate large effect sizes (β > .12), based on the criteria proposed by Orth et al. (2024). Dashed lines represent marginally significant paths (p < .10). For clarity, autoregressive paths across waves (including additional paths from Wave 1 to Wave 3), paths from the control variables (gender and grade), and residual correlations among variables at Waves 2 and 3 are omitted from the figure.

Credit

Murayama et al., Child Psychiatry and Human Development (2026).

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