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HEP Data Cooperation Journals

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Schematic diagram of the working principles of STM and AFM. A Schematic diagram of the STM system (Yang and Freund 2024). B,C STM constant current mode imaging (B) and constant height mode imaging (C) (Mironov 2014). D Schematic diagram of AFM (Voigtländer 2015). E−G Contact mode of AFM (E), tapping mode of AFM (F), and non-contact mode of AFM (G) (McKay 2021). H Force spectroscopy mode of AFM (Liu and Wang 2010)

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HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS

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