Bioprinting Comprises Three Main Stages (IMAGE) American Institute of Physics Caption Bioprinting comprises three main stages: 1. Pre-bioprinting, which includes structure design, bioink preparation, and printability assessment. The laws of physics can help scientists prepare bioinks with tunable parameters for the best fabrication outcome; 2. The bioprinting process, which involves the delivery of optimized, as-prepared bioinks in the desired shape using a computer-controlled system; 3. Post-bioprinting, the most critical stage, which incorporates the fourth dimension of bioprinting, time. This stage involves several cellular self-assembly processes governed by physical laws. The physics of cellular self-assembly has been investigated by researchers to achieve functional and viable bioprinted tissues/organs. Credit Ashkan Shafiee Usage Restrictions Journalists may use this image only with appropriate credit. License Licensed content Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.