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Conceptual model showing how the secondary formation offsets the reduction of primary pollutions in China with different processes during the day and night. The upper and lower panels, indicated by moon and sun, represent nighttime and daytime processes, respectively. Blue downward arrows mean the reduction of emission or decrease of concentrations in the atmosphere, while the red upward arrows mean enhancement of production in the atmosphere. The length of these arrows indicated the degree of change. SOA, secondary organic aerosol; PAN, peroxyacetyl nitrate; HONO, nitrous acid.
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