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A schematic illustration of nanocarrier-based biological fluorescent probes for simultaneous detection of ketamine and amphetamine in latent fingermark. Antibodies are assembled on carboxyl modified nanoparticles by amide linkage with the assistance of carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Red fluorescent color corresponds to ketamine and green to amphetamine. Biological fluorescent probes can selectively combine with target analyte in ridge residue when incubated over the fingermark. After removing the unbound BFPs, fluorescence signal originated from nanoparticles of the bound probes contributes to fingermark imaging. Meanwhile, presence or absence of drug(s) can be directly determined by the fluorescent colors when the fingermark is checked in red and green channels.
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