Four Waves of Overdose Mortality (IMAGE)

Society for the Study of Addiction

Four Waves of Overdose Mortality

Caption

A simplified schema of the four waves of the US overdose mortality crisis. Waves 1 and 2 include deaths involving commonly prescribed opioids, and heroin, respectively, but excluding fentanyl co-involved deaths. Wave 3 and Wave 4 show fentanyl deaths not involving, and involving, stimulants respectively as distinct trends. Data from CDC WONDER.

Credit

Friedman and Shover, 2023, doi: 10.1111/add.16318.

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