Cancer patients who have been hospitalised for mental health problems prior to their cancer diagnosis were 73% more likely to die from their cancer compared to those who had never had psychiatric help, according to new research published in the British Journal of Cancer.
The study of more than 675,000 cancer patients from Ontario, Canada, looked at those who had been diagnosed with one of the 10 most common cancers.*
Nearly half of all the cancer patients had undergone a psychiatric assessment as an outpatient, often by a GP. Around 7,900 cancer patients had either been treated as an emergency and more than 4,000 had been hospitalised for their mental health in the five years prior to their cancer diagnosis.**
The researchers, based at the University of Toronto and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, discovered that as the level of psychiatric help increased, there was a greater risk of death.*** They speculate that one of the possible reasons is that stress incurred from mental problems may affect the body's biological systems.
Compared to a cancer patient who had never had psychiatric help prior to their diagnosis, patients who visited their GP about their mental health were 5% more likely to die from their cancer, patients who had been seen in A&E were 36% more likely to die and the chances increased by 73% for those who'd been hospitalised for mental health problems.
In particular, bladder and bowel cancer patients who had received help for their mental health had a significantly higher chance of death compared to patients with the same cancers who hadn't had any psychiatric problems. Bladder cancer patients with a history a of hospital admission were more than twice as likely to die from their cancer, but researchers are unsure why this is.
Dr Zachary Klaassen, lead author, assistant professor and urologic oncologist at the Georgia Cancer Center, said: "We think this means mental health may play a larger role in cancer outcomes than previously thought. Major depression and stress may affect our body's immune surveillance systems, effectively hampering the ability to detect and fight cancer.
"A recent psychiatric history should be a red flag to all doctors and nurses treating cancer patients. It's essential we keep a close eye on these patients to make sure they're receiving the best possible care and are followed up if and when cancer appointments are missed."
For patients who saw their GP or had an emergency appointment, the chance of death was higher if this encounter was less than 12 months before a cancer diagnosis compared to if this was between one and five years before.
While the study identified that there was an association between cancer patients having psychiatric help and an increased chance of dying from their disease, it did not prove a direct cause.
Dr Richard Roope, Cancer Research UK's senior clinical adviser, said: "More research needs to be done to work out why this is the case. It's important that people seeing a doctor for mental health issues are reminded of their cancer screening invitations and that any potential cancer symptoms are addressed in a timely way."
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Notes to editor:
Klaassen, Z. et al. The impact of psychiatric utilisation prior to cancer diagnosis on survival of solid organ malignancies. British Journal of Cancer. 2019. DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0390-0 Post embargo link: http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/s41416-019-0390-0a.html
* All residents of Ontario, Canada, aged 18 or over, diagnosed with one of the 10 most common cancers as their first diagnosis between 1997 -2014. The 10 most common cancers in Ontario, Canada include: prostate, breast, colorectal, melanoma, lung, bladder, endometrial, thyroid, kidney, oral
**Cancer patients had used a mental health service or had a psychiatric consult, but had not necessarily been diagnosed with a mental health condition
***Effect persisted when cancer stage was available
For reporting tips for when talking about mental health please look at https://www.time-to-change.org.uk/sites/default/files/imce_uploads/TtC%20Media%20Leaflet%20NEWS%20(2).pdf
Mind, the mental health charity, provides advice and support to empower anyone experiencing a mental health problem. The charity has a confidential information and support line, Mind Infoline, available on 0300 123 3393 (lines open 9am - 6pm, Monday - Friday) or for more information about their work visit mind.org.uk
Although this study looks at mental health before cancer has been detected, being diagnosed with cancer can also affect mental health even if a patient hasn't struggled with this before. More information about coping with a cancer diagnosis is available here https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/coping/emotionally
About the British Journal of Cancer (BJC)
The British Journal of Cancer is editorially independent of Cancer Research UK. The BJC is one of the most-cited general cancer journals, publishing significant advances in translational and clinical cancer research. It also publishes high-quality reviews and thought-provoking comment on all aspects of cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The BJC is owned by Cancer Research UK and published by Springer Nature.
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