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ARLINGTON, Va.--For the first time, researchers using laboratory techniques alone and no animal hosts have isolated sex-cell precursors from mouse embryos, coaxed the cells into a sperm-like form, used them to fertilize mouse eggs, and ultimately formed early-stage embryos.
The research may offer a breakthrough tool for studies of embryonic cells and gene delivery, potentially helping scientists develop treatments for infertility and providing insight into the growth of certain tumors.
The researchers, led by George Daley of Children's Hospital and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston and Niels Geijsen of Massachusetts General Hospital, also in Boston, report their findings in the December 10, 2003 Nature (online).
Researchers are excited about stem cells because they can be coaxed into forming a number of tissues, from bone to lung, while mature cells are limited to their given role.
The study builds upon nearly a decade of research at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard University, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Biotechnology Process Engineering Center (BPEC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), all in Cambridge, Mass., and most recently at Children's Hospital Boston, the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Geijsen, Daley and their colleagues began their process by culturing mouse embryonic stem cells to form globular cell clusters called embryoid bodies.
In these embryoid bodies, cells differentiated into primordial germ cells (sex cell precursors), which the researchers were able to tag with a fluorescent chemical. The tag enabled the team to isolate and track the individual germ cells as the embryoid body developed.
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Once the researchers had identified and isolated the germ cells, they were able to sustain continuous cell lines in a laboratory.
The researchers also found that embryoid bodies that were allowed to grow contained cells that differentiated into mature, male, sex cells similar to sperm, but they lacked tails. The team isolated those cells and injected them directly into mouse egg cells.
The eggs essentially became fertilized, and an entirely new line of early-stage mouse embryos began to grow.
In September, a team led by Toshiaki Noce of Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences in Japan reported that they had derived sperm cells from embryonic stem cells. However, Gejsen, Daley and their colleagues are the first to complete the process through to the embryo stage using only laboratory techniques.
"The big difference is that our work was entirely done in vitro," says Geijsen, "whereas Noce's group transplanted the primordial germ cells back into mouse testes to let the sperm develop."
Both approaches offer unique advantages, with the earlier study yielding mature sperm with tails, and the recent study providing the flexibility of in vitro ("in glass", or outside of an animal) experimentation that may lead to more controlled studies.
Geijsen and his colleagues also found that while many primordial germ cells formed in the laboratory environment during their study, only a few developed further into the sperm precursor cells.
"We want to understand what is missing, what we would need to make more germ cells," says Geijsen. "This understanding might have applications for treatment of male infertility," he added; for the condition can be caused by a failure of sperm to fully mature within the testicles.
The researchers also hope to use the germ cell lines to study "imprints," genetic instructions that regulate certain genes yet are missing from embryonic germ cells.
"The erasure of imprints in the primordial germ cells could have implications in cancer research," says Geijsen. "In certain tumors, imprints are erased, leading to over-expression of the imprinted gene. Since many imprinted genes have a function in controlling cell proliferation, this loss of imprinting can cause the cell to grow out of control," Geijsen added.
If the researchers can determine what causes the loss of imprints in embryonic germ cells, they can attempt to find, and counter, the mechanism that is erasing imprints in cancer cells.
The findings also contribute detailed knowledge regarding the general development of stem cells, some of the workhorses of gene therapy research and a principal target of study at NSF's BPEC where Daley also serves as a researcher.
"Daley and his colleagues provide medical and biological expertise to BPEC, and in collaboration with other life science and engineering experts at the center, they conduct the basic research necessary for a complete understanding of stem cells," says Sohi Rastegar, the NSF program director who oversees the agency's support of BPEC and several other bioengineering centers.
"To develop effective gene therapy for difficult diseases such as sickle cell anemia and muscular dystrophy, the use of embryonic stem cells is one of the most promising approaches, and to that end, fundamental knowledge of stem cells is a prerequisite," says Rastegar.
In addition to NSF, this research was also supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Dutch Cancer Society, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and the Harvard Society of Fellows.
NSF PR03-142
NSF Bioengineering Expert and Program Officer for BPEC:
Sohi Rastegar, 703-292-5379, srastega@nsf.gov
Principal Investigators:
George Daley, Children's Hospital and the Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, 617-877-1365, George.Daley@childrens.harvard.edu
Niels Geijsen, Massachusetts General Hospital, 617-724-6013, ngeijsen@partners.org
Additional Websites:
Press release available from Children's Hospital Boston (post-embargo):
http://www.childrenshospital.org/pressroom/news.html
George Daley, Research Homepage
http://www.hms.harvard.edu/dms/bbs/fac/daleyge.html
NSF's Biotechnology Process Engineering Center (BPEC) at MIT
http://web.mit.edu/bpec/
Boston Children's Hospital: http://web1.tch.harvard.edu/
Whitehead Institute at MIT: http://www.wi.mit.edu/home.html
Massachusetts General Hospital: http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/
Dana Farber Cancer Institute: http://www.dfci.harvard.edu/
Journal
Nature