Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus (CoVs), the first patient was related to seafood in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China, on 12th December 2019. A new type of coronavirus was found in the patient's sample having pneumonia-like signs and symptoms via unbiased high-throughput sequencing. This new coronavirus was found in the patient's epithelial cell, which falls in the subgenus of the Sabevirus of the subfamily Coronavirus. Later, on 11th February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced and named "Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)" and the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named it severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is different from the previous isolated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) which is the seventh one that can infect humans. SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly and infected many of the population in Wuhan city then to other territories of China epidemically and abruptly abroad. Due to pandemic occurrence, on 31st January 2020, the WHO declared as "Global Health Emergency" as there is no effective drug and/or vaccine available for this infection till now. According to WHO and InfoGraphics CNA 31st March, there are 786,228 confirmed cases, 37,820 reported deaths, and 166,041 recovers from COVID-19. In the current scenario, the United States of America, Italy, and Spain are the most affected countries globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is increasing day-by-day globally.
With this book proposal, we consolidate the various evolutionary domains, genetic techniques, and diagnostic methodologies widely used in the global emergency of COVID-19. Since SARS-CoV-2 is the closest to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the approaches brought here will be similar and/or varying with a slight degree. It is cleared that in the last 17-18 years, this is the third outbreak of the same coronavirus with a small mutation that shock the whole world. The chapters in this book “Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19): A Perspective of New Scenario:Epidemiology, Biochemistry, and Diagnostics“ should be prioritized as up-to-date literature of techniques used in the study SARS-CoV-2 and will act as a suitable reference if any such wary appear soon.
The 1st volume of the proposed book proposal has been classified into three parts: Part I: Evolution and Entry of SARS-CoV-2, Part II: Genetic Alteration and Structural Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins, and Part III: Quantitation Analysis of SARS-CoV-2.
With the emergence of new coronavirus variants, epidemiology, different host tropism permits a thorough analysis of their evolution and acquired adaptability to their host. Thus in Part I, we start the book with chapters' dealing with evolutionary epidemiology, evolutionary adaptation and genetics, and its entrance pathways. To keep in mind how the virus enters a host cell to provoke an infection is essential to design techniques to avoid it. Furthermore, chapters describing various methodologies regarding SARS-CoV-2 entrance pathways and characterizing the important proteins employed by the virus to achieve. In part II, a critical analysis of the virus involves the potential to mutate its genome by opposite genetics and to get better recombinant viruses with described mutations. Such processes will help study the capabilities of particular genes and their effects on virus survival and pathogenesis. These strategies can help determine checkpoints inside the virus genome growth and proliferation that give therapeutics strategies. We also added to know the biochemical characterization of spike glycoprotein and structural elucidation of viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Due to the emergence of COVID-19, a possible available diagnostic tool is employed in the medical setting to identify this virus and further prevent the infection. In part III, we added a chapter that helps detect antigen via virus loaded using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) based techniques. To measure host immune parameters, techniques such as microneutralization, pseudovirus neutralization assay, and COVID-19 specific antibodies using ELISA chapters are presented. The second last chapter is given to know the lung's condition via CT scan. In contrast, the last chapter describes the nucleic acid-based assays for COVID-19, which is a more precise and sophisticated technique.
The chapters in this book provide the reader with up-to-date literature about research on SARS-CoV-2 through three parts:
I) Evolution and Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host.
II) Genetic Alteration and Structural Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins
III) Quantitative Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 for research and medical diagnosis
Series Introduction
This series consolidates the various knowledge domains, research techniques, and methodologies widely used in the global pandemic of COVID-19 to study the disease and coronaviruses. Each volume prioritizes updated literature for the benefit of the reader, making each volume a useful reference. With the development of novel coronavirus variants, epidemiology and varied host tropism allow for a detailed examination of their evolution and acquired host adaptation. This book series will work as a baseline reference for academicians, scientists, and health professionals.
About the Editor:
Dr. Kamal Niaz (KN) obtained Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree from The University of Agriculture Peshawar-Pakistan under Registration number 2009-Agr-U-19578 and got CGPA 3.21/4.00. After that KN completed Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Toxicology and Pharmacology at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran-Iran, in 2017. He pursued Early-Stage Researcher (ESR) in 2017-18 from the University of Teramo-Italy. KN is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, since 20 November 2018 till date. Here, KN has developed excellent research and communication skills. KN has expertise in the domain of environmental toxicants, diabetes, endocrine disruptor, and genomic disruption. He is committed to further continue in the area of expertise that includes phytomedicine and ecotoxicity but not limited to toxicants, but also epigenetic alteration due to toxicants and the role of these chemicals in diabetes. KN has been attended several national and international conferences to present talks on phytochemical, cell signaling, cytokines, milk as an antioxidant, and oxidative stress responses of cells to environmental toxicants. Currently, KN has published almost 80 plus articles in prestigious national and international journals within a short period with h-index-19, 150+ impact factors, and 40 book chapters in various publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, and Bentham Science. He is working as a volunteer reviewer in different prestigious journals Frontier of Veterinary Sciences, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Scientific Report, Science of the Total Environment, and Current Protein & Peptide Science, etc. He has recently completed the submission of a book as editor entitled “Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology, Biochemistry, Diagnostics, and Treatment” in Bentham Science publisher while other projects that is monograph book “Herb Around You” and “Genetic Diversity of Coronaviruses: From SARS to SARS-CoV-2” is under process.
Dr. Muhammad Farrukh Nisar completed doctorate from the College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in December 2016, and working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, since, December 2018. Dr. Farrukh is mainly involved in research areas including photo biochemistry, biochemistry, biochemical pathways, oxidative stress, and cellular defense mechanisms, cell biology, cell signaling and pathways biology, screening of natural drugs as potential anti-cancer(skin) and skincare drugs, phytomedicine, photo- and chemo-therapies to treat skin cancer/conditions, natural drugs, and cell signaling, photo medicine and free radicals biology (ROS/RNS). Dr. Farrukh has been attended several national and international conferences to present talks on photo medicine, photo-induced drug delivery, cell signaling, and oxidative stress responses of cancer cells. Over 70 research articles have been published so far on multifarious aspects of biomedical/life sciences with a cumulative impact factor of over 140 and h-index 15. Many national awards are on credit particularly, won Chinese Government Scholarship during 2013 for Ph.D. study, awarded with the silver medal for securing 2nd position in the M.Sc. exam from IUB, Bahawalpur, and a lot more. Currently, Dr. Farrukh is actively exploring novel biomedical materials for drug delivery, photosensitive drug release, and plant isolations to find novel anticancer, antioxidant, and ant aging drugs.
Keywords:
Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory syndrome, SARS MERS, Virology, RT-PC, Neutralizing antibody, Neutralizing, antibody, immunology, CRISPR, LAMP, Nucleic acid-based detection.
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