Civil War Battle Sounds, Airbag Noise Hazards, And Echoes Of The Mayans At Upcoming Acoustics Meeting
Woodbury, New York--September 16, 1998--How did unusual acoustical conditions affect the outcomes of major battles in the US Civil War? What hazards can airbags pose besides the ones widely reported in the media? Did the Mayans devise a heretofore undiscovered acoustical message in their most famous pyramid?
These and other questions will be addressed at the 136th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), which will be held at the Norfolk Waterside Marriott Hotel in Norfolk, Virginia. The ASA is the largest scientific organization in the United States devoted to acoustics, with nearly 7000 members. This is the second major ASA meeting of the year--the last one was held in Seattle in June.
Press Events At Norfolk Meeting
On Wednesday, October 14 from 11:30 AM to 1:30 PM ASA will hold a press luncheon featuring speakers on numerous topics at the Norfolk meeting. The speakers and topics will be Charles Ross, Longwood College (Unusual Acoustics in US Civil War Battles); David Lubman (Strange Echoes in a Mayan Pyramid); G. Richard Price, US Army Research Lab (Hazards of Airbag Noise); Dan Clayton (Designing Sonic Environments for Pipe Organs); Julia Royster (Eye Color and Its Possible Link to Hearing Loss Risk), and Kevin Shepherd, NASA-Langley (Human Responses to Sonic Booms). The luncheon will be held in the York Room in the meeting hotel. Reporters are also invited to attend the ASA Fellows Luncheon on Thursday, October 15, featuring speaker Linda Godwin, a physicist and NASA astronaut who performed a 6-hour spacewalk on the Space Shuttle when it was docked with the Russian space station Mir in 1996. Reporters interested in attending either event should contact Ben Stein at (301) 209-3091 or bstein@aip.acp.org
World Wide Press Room
Before and during the meeting, we encourage you to visit ASA's "World Wide Press Room" (http://www.acoustics.org). The site contains a link to a searchable database of meeting abstracts and starting the week of September 28 it will also contain lay-language versions of selected meeting papers. In addition, the Press Room contains a large archive of press releases and lay language papers describing many interesting acoustics topics at recent meetings.
berlin in 1999
After the Norfolk meeting, the ASA Meeting will travel to Europe, where it will hold a joint meeting with the European Acoustics Association and the German Acoustical Society in Berlin, Germany between March 14-19, 1999. Comprehensive information on this meeting including a press release and lay language papers will be available from us early next year. Reporters interested in attending or receiving preliminary information on the meeting should contact Ben Stein at (301) 209-3091 or bstein@aip.acp.org
Norfolk Program Highlights
Here are some highlights from among the many papers being given at the Norfolk meeting:
- Unusual Acoustics in the U.S. Civil War. Historical accounts of major U.S.
Civil War battles sometimes describe unusual acoustical conditions.
Analyzing wartime diaries, anecdotal weather records, and battlefield terrain,
Chuck Ross of Longwood College in Virginia (cross@longwood.lwc.edu),
(804) 395-2577) will explain how unusual acoustics apparently played a significant
role in Gettysburg and many other Civil War battles. For example, in the battle
of Seven Pines, near Richmond, Virginia, Confederate commander Joseph Johnston
could not hear the sounds of Union soldiers even though they were two miles
away, although Richmond residents 10 miles away could hear them loud and clear.
As a result, Johnston failed to send in reinforcements, turning what should have
been an easy Confederate victory into a draw. Ross will identify the unusual
acoustics and their causes, such as sound absorption by ground surfaces,
nonuniformities in temperature across
battlefields, and differences in wind speed across terrain. (Paper 2aPAa1)
- Ancient Recording from the Mayans. Clap your hands inside the Mayan pyramid
at Chichen Itza, located in Mexico's northern Yucatan, and you will hear
intriguing pulselike echoes emanating from any of the building's limestone
staircases, even those in partial ruins. Archaeologists have typically dismissed
these "chirped" echoes as an unintended design defect. Performing an analysis
of the acoustical physics responsible for this effect, acoustical consultant
David Lubman (dlubman@ix.netcom.com) attributes these echoes to a "picket fence
effect" resulting from the reflections of sound from the stairs. As Lubman
points out, the chirped echoes seem to resemble the primary call of the Mayan
sacred bird, the resplendent quetzal. Lubman will present recorded sound
samples which show close similarities between the echoes and the bird sounds.
Lubman argues that the simple engineering required to intentionally design this
feature falls well within the capabilities of the stone-age Mayan culture."If
the hypothesis of intentional design is true," Lubman says, "the chirped echo
may be the world's oldest known sound recording!" (2pAAa1)
- The Hazards of Air Bag Noise. Although they have saved thousands of lives
and prevented serious injury in countless others, airbags in automobiles have a
number of serious hazards associated with them. Much media attention has
centered on the fact that their high speed of inflation poses a risk to adults
and children who are too close to the air bags. At the ASA meeting, researchers
will discuss another serious problem associated with airbags: their powerful,
short bursts of sound can potentially cause hearing damage. James Saunders of
the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (James.R.Saunders-1@ou.edu)
and his colleagues will discuss reports of hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in
the ears), and other problems in six of their patients (2pNS3). Kathleen
Yaremchuk of the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit will discuss a survey reporting
hearing problems in 29 patients after airbag deployment (2pNS4). G. Richard
Price of the US Army Research Lab (dprice@ARL.MIL) will
describe an epidemiological
study, just underway, that aims to track hearing abilities of Department of
Defense workers before and after airbag noise exposure (2pNS2).
- Painless Sound Waves for Gum Disease Diagnosis. Approximately three-quarters
of all adults above 35 have some form of gum disease, a tissue infection which
in some cases can lead to tooth loss. Typically, the process of diagnosing gum
disease involves x-rays and painful probing of the gums. In what the
researchers call "the first noninvasive measure of peridontal disease activity,"
Mark Hinders and his colleagues at the College of William and Mary in Virginia
(mkhind@facstaff.wm.edu) have developed an ultrasound probe for monitoring gum
disease without the need for x-rays or manual probing of the gums. Although the
technique has thus far been tested on nonliving objects, the researchers plan to
develop the system for clinical use. (4pBB7)
- Designing Good Acoustics for Organs. "Organs, perhaps more than any other
instrument, rely on their surroundings for their ultimate success or failure,"
points out David C. Pike (cfisk@cove.com), one of 18 acousticians, pipe-organ
builders and scientists from around the world who will share their experiences
at a day-long ASA symposium on the acoustics of organ performance spaces
(Sessions 4aAA and 4pAA). Dan Clayton (DanClayton@compuserve.com) will trace
the
history of organs from their appearance in Greece several centuries before
Christ, to their exclusive ownership by the Church throughout the Middle Ages,
to their outbreak in royal salons and concert halls in the 18th and 19th
century, and the advent of highly specialized "organ rooms" in the 20th century
(4aAA1). Fritz Noack (noackorgan@aol.com) will present an acoustical study of
the pipe organ isolated from its architectural surroundings (4aAA8), and Mendel
Kleiner of Chalmers Institute of Technology mk@ta.chalmers.se will describe
Sweden's
Goteborg Organ Art Center, an international research center for organ history,
building, teaching, and practice (4pAA1).
- Are Blue-Eyed People More Susceptible to Hearing Loss? Intriguing research
suggests that eye color may partially dictate a person's susceptibility to both
temporary and permanent hearing problems. Pigmentation in the eye is related to
the concentration of melanin in the inner ear, and recently researchers have
proposed some physiological explanations for how the presence of melanin could
affect resistance to hearing damage. Julia Royster of Environmental Noise
Consultants Inc. (EFFECTIVE_HCPS@compuserve.com) and Larry Royster of North
Carolina State University will review the studies done on this subject, and
describe new data from a study of employees at a large industrial site (2aNSb1).
At session 2aNSb, other speakers will describe how people's risk of hearing
loss may be affected by such factors as ear canal shape, eardrum stiffness, and
musculature in the middle ear.
- Sonic Band Gaps. Water waves have the ability to overlap with one another
and produce beautiful rippling patterns. Under the right conditions they can
even cancel each other out, in a wave phenomenon known as "destructive
interference." Light behaves the same way, and researchers in the 1990s devised
"photonic crystals," materials with geometrical arrangements that exploit
destructive interference and create "optical band gaps" that block light waves
over a certain range of frequencies. (In turn, these are analogous to the
electronic band gaps which help give semiconductors their useful properties by
forbidding
electrons with a certain range of energies from existing in the material.)
Taking inspiration from photonic crystals, and a beautiful sculpture in outdoor
Madrid, Francisco Meseguer of the Institute of Material Science in Madrid
(fmese@fis.upv.es) and his colleagues have devised materials with "sonic band
gaps" that block certain ranges of sound frequencies from passing through. Made
of metal bars arranged in specially designed geometrical patterns, such
materials may lead to a fundamental new approach to soundproofing. (1pPA3,
1pPA4)
- Ultrasound Hearing in Insects. Although bats are blind, evolution has given
them a highly sophisticated, ultrasound-based sonar system that helps them to
navigate their surroundings and find prey, such as insects. True to form,
evolution has armed insects with a countermeasure: a keen ability to hear
ultrasound, which helps them to evade insect-eating bats. Hamilton Farris of
Cornell (hef1@cornell.edu) will describe how researchers can use ultrasound to
learn more about the evasive behaviors and hearing capabilities of certain
insects, such as crickets and beetles. (3aED1)
- Sonic Booms. When an aircraft moves faster than the speed of sound (about
750 miles/hr in the sky), it pushes aside air at such a high rate that an
enormous amount of pressure accrues around it, culminating in a powerful shock
wave that generates a loud popping noise known as a "sonic boom" that can be
heard tens of miles away. People find sonic booms so disruptive--even if they
occur only occasionally--that overland flights of commercial supersonic jets are
unlikely anytime soon. Still, researchers are exploring whether supersonic jets
flying primarily over the ocean have adverse environmental effects. Acoustician
Robert
Young will describe studies of 13 sonic booms of space shuttles approaching
Edwards Air Force Base, from 1988-1993 (4pPA1). Victor Sparrow of Penn State
University (sparrow@helmholtz.psu.edu) will review research on the penetration
of sonic boom noise into the ocean (4aPA9). In an encouraging finding,
Elizabeth Perry of the National Zoo in Washington, DC and her colleagues have
concluded that overhead Concorde flights did not affect the mating habits of
seals in Sable Island, Canada (5aPA4).
- Thermoacoustic Dehumidifier. In recent years, scientists have built
"thermoacoustic refrigerators," devices that chill objects by using sound waves
in place of chemical refrigerants and mechanical compressors with seals and
bearings that generally fail over time. In this scheme, researchers broadcast
sound waves through an inert gas; regions of expansion and compression in the
gas produce hotter and colder regions, the latter of which can be used to
remove heat from objects. Now, Robert A. Hiller of Los Alamos hiller@lanl.gov)
will discuss an extension of the concept to "thermoacoustic dehumidification"
in which sound waves in a flowing humid air stream cool the stream to its dew
point and remove its water. Hiller will discuss an experimental prototype of
this device, and its potential applications. (2pPA10)
- The Noisiest Creatures in Shallow Waters. In the past few years, acoustical scientists have been working to make sure that man-made noise from underwater acoustics experiments does not disrupt creatures in the underwater environment. Well, the reverse situation is a concern for them too. In shallow waters, snapping shrimp are among the noisiest creatures, creating loud sounds over a wide range of frequencies which can disrupt underwater acoustics experiments. As Whitlow Au of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology (au@lono.nosc.mil) explains, collections of shrimp can produce sounds as high as 189 decibels in the water, and over a wide frequency range. What's worse, the shrimp are always present despite changes in seasons or the times of day. Dolphins also make lots of noise, in the form of whistles, burst pulses, and ultrasound clicks, but luckily they often leave an area after a short amount of time. On the other hand, "snapping shrimps are forever," Au states. (4aAB1)
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REPLY FORM
ASA Meeting, Norfolk, Virginia
October 12-16, 1998
Please return this form to Ben Stein of the American Institute of Physics at bstein@aip.acp.org or fax to (301) 209-0846
__Please send me a copy of the program for the Norfolk meeting.
__Please sign me up for the ASA Press Luncheon on October 14 in Norfolk, VA.
__Please get me a ticket for the ASA Fellows Luncheon on October 15.
__Please send me preliminary information on next year's acoustics meeting in
Berlin.
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