Scientists have identified important genes for plant growth whose products help to distribute an vital growth factor throughout the plant. The discovery of these genes means that scientists will be able to design better crops and herbicides. The scientist's findings, reported recently in Science (Vol 282, 2226-2230) and in the December 1998 issue of EMBO Journal (Vol 17, 6903-1911) are regarded as a major breakthrough.
Full size image available through contact |
Plant cells need to communicate with one another to coordinate development of the plant as a whole. For decades, scientists have known that plants move auxin from its site of synthesis in the shoot tips to sites of action elsewhere in the plant. The direction of transport is from the shoot tip down to the tip of the root. Scientists believe it is the movement of auxin that determines the shape of the plant.
The transport of auxin within the plant is a process involving tiny molecular gates that span the membranes surrounding living plant cells. These gates selectively allow auxin to flow from one side of the membrane to the other. Until now the nature of these doors was unknown. The only thing known was that they must be located at only one end of cells and that the other side of the cell must lack them. This would ensure that auxin could only flow in one direction through the cell.
Scientists found a mutant of an arabidopsis plant that was shaped strangely. Since the plant looked like a knitting needle, researchers called it "pin" (Fig. 1). When they looked to see what had caused this, they noticed that the plant could not transport auxin properly.
Full size image available through contact |
Two genes were identified that could code for auxin gates. Both make their products in different cells of the plant. While one is for transport of auxin in the outer cell layers of the root, the other one is for transport in the vascular system, the plant tissue through which sugars, water and nutrients are carried. The proteins made by the two genes were found located at only one end of a cell, suggesting their genes are blueprints for different types of the long sought molecular gates (Fig. 2).
The one way traffic of auxin, called polar auxin transport, is fundamental for normal plant growth and development, and hence these findings are important both for basic and applied plant science. The recent discoveries shed new light on how plant growth is regulated and have opened up a whole new field of molecular plant physiology. This discovery is also likely to have great significance to the agrochemical/ biotechnology industries. Auxin-transport inhibitors are known to inhibit plant growth; some herbicides on the market are based on this. Therefore, these proteins will probably serve as powerful new targets for herbicide-screening programmes that improve old herbicides by rational design.