Researchers at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center have demonstrated that a widely used herbal product--St. John's wort--could significantly compromise the effectiveness of an antiviral drug often prescribed to treat HIV infection. The findings are detailed in the Feb. 12 issue of The Lancet.
"When St. John's wort and the protease inhibitor indinavir are taken together, the levels of indinavir in the blood drop dramatically," explained the study's principal investigator, clinical pharmacokineticist Dr. Stephen Piscitelli of the NIH Clinical Center's Pharmacy Department. "When the body eliminates the antriviral drug too quickly, there can be a loss of therapeutic benefit."
AIDS research clinician Dr. Judith Falloon of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), collaborated on the study. "St. John's wort's effects on indinavir concentrations are large enough to be clinically significant," she said. "Patients and health-care professionals need to be aware of this interaction. Most people taking medications to treat HIV infection should avoid using St. John's wort."
The NIH Clinical Center study, conducted among eight healthy volunteers, first measured the amount in the body of the drug indinavir when taken alone. Next, study participants were given only St. John's wort for two weeks. Finally, indinavir and St. John's wort were given together.
"The results were dramatically conclusive," Piscitelli noted. "All the participants showed a marked drop in blood levels of indinavir after taking St. John's wort. The drop ranged from 49 percent to 99 percent."
"It's vital that we understand how drugs and herbal products interact," said Dr. John I. Gallin, Clinical Center director. "This research is important because it demonstrates that a common agent such as St. John's wort may have unsuspected adverse effects on the function of a drug essential to the health of a very vulnerable population."
Indinavir belongs to a class of drugs known as protease inhibitors. These drugs are among the most potent agents available for treating HIV infection and have been shown to prolong survival and slow the progression of the disease. Substances in both St. John's wort and in indinavir are thought to share a metabolic pathway, which suggested the probability of the drugs" interaction, Piscitelli said.
The active ingredient in St. John's wort is suspected to induce drug metabolism, which revs up the rate the liver eliminates indinavir from the body. Consequently, there's not enough indinavir in the blood to do the job it's designed to do.
"The low blood levels also can lead to drug resistance," said Piscitelli, who heads the Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory at the NIH hospital. "Resistance to indinavir can decrease the response to other protease inhibitors." They include nelfinavir, amprenavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir.
"Many people think that herbal products like St. John's wort are safe, but there can be dangerous interactions when taken with other medications prescribed to treat medical conditions," added Piscitelli. "This study demonstrates how dangerous that interaction can be and how important it is for patients to keep their physician and pharmacist informed about any use of herbal products."
Other collaborators on the study included Dr. Aaron Burstein and Raul Alfaro from the Clinical Center Pharmacy Department and Doreen Chaitt from NIAID.
The Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center and NIAID are components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Clinical Center is the clinical research hospital for NIH. Through clinical research, physicians and scientists translate laboratory discoveries into better treatments, therapies and interventions to improve the nation's health. NIAID conducts and supports research to prevent, diagnose and treat illnesses such as HIV disease and other sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, asthma and allergies. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.