"We know that a silica rich layer forms on the outside of some silicate glasses when it is exposed to aqueous media," says Nathan P. Mellott, Ph.D. candidate in materials science. "We do not yet know exactly the mechanism behind the formation of this layer, what compositional/structural aspects of the original glass promote or inhibit layer formation, or how the physical properties of the glasses are affected."
The silica layer that forms by aqueous corrosion on most glass can affect optical properties, transport properties and mechanical strength. For normal windowpane glass, the layer forms slowly and during the lifetime of most windows goes unnoticed. However, with more reactive glasses, aqueous corrosion can occur more rapidly.
Mellott and Dr. Carlo Pantano, director of Penn State's Materials Research Institute and distinguished professor of materials science and engineering, are looking at modified e-glass, the type of glass used for fiberglass reinforcement and insulation. This class is made of silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide and aluminum oxide.
"We know the surface silica layer is a gel," says Mellott. "We are trying to elucidate particular aspects of the layer structure before we go on to explore its physical properties," he told attendees today (July 5) at the 19th International Congress on Glass, sponsored by the Society for Glass Technology in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The researchers looked at three different compositions of glass in which the calcium and sodium oxides varied and the proportion of aluminum and silica oxides remained the same. They found that the sodium, calcium and aluminum ions were all leaving the surface, replaced by either water or hydrogen ions. The varying glass compositions did not affect the layer composition or structure, but did alter the thickness of the corrosion layer.
"We want to determine if the glass structure at the surface remained the same during corrosion, or the glass network breaks up and repolymerizes," says Mellott. "Evidence points to the glass structure breaking up and repolymerizing."
One reason to look at corrosion of fiberglass is that health regulations require that glass fibers dissolve fairly quickly if inhaled into the lungs. "Regulations require that fiber can only stay in the lung for a specific length of time before it dissolves," says Mellott. "If we have a better idea of how fiber breaks down, we can modify the glass compositions that make the fibers dissolve more quickly."
Understanding of the silica layer could also help to make the fibers stronger. When glass fibers are pulled, they are typically reactive. To protect the fibers, they are often coated with a polymer that can be deposited on the fiber in a strongly acidic or basic media.
"The formation of the silica layer is dependent on the acidity of the liquid the glass fiber is in and the temperature," says the Penn State researcher. "Our current experiments use a very acidic solution to create the silica layer we are characterizing."
After the researchers characterize the silica layer, they will look at the optical and mechanical properties of these glasses.
EDITORS: Mellott is at npm113@psu.edu by email; Dr. Pantano is at 814-863-2071 or at pantano@ems.psu.edu by e-mail.