SAN FRANCISCO — The benefits of sports involvement may be different for youths growing up in urban vs. rural areas, according to the results of two studies being presented at the American Psychological Association's (APA) 109th Annual Convention. One study involving urban youth shows sports involvement may have positive influences on self-esteem and social competence and may deter early marijuana use. Another study involving rural African American girls finds that sports involvement may increase the likelihood of delinquent behaviors and substance use.
Sports and Urban Middle School Youth
In a study of 445 seventh-grade youth from economically depressed inner-city neighborhoods in central Massachusetts, researchers at Clark University found several advantages for sports-involved boys and girls. Those involved in organized sports reported higher overall self-esteem and were judged by their teachers as more socially skilled and less shy and withdrawn. They also found that 13-year-old boys who had been involved with a sport during the past year were less likely to report having experimented with marijuana than 13-year-old boys who had not played a sport during the prior year.
The researchers say their findings from the ethnically diverse group of children also shows that those students who were involved in sports - including those who played contact sports such as football - were no more likely to be aggressive than non sport-involved youth.
Most previous studies of organized team sports and adjustment focused on high school or on college-aged youth, or on children growing up in suburban or rural areas, according to the authors, leaving out younger middle school children from high- crime inner-city neighborhoods where they spend a large amount of time without any specific commitments. "Our findings should spark the interest of those charged with helping to buoy at-risk youth through the challenges of a major age-related transition period in their lives, a time during which they no longer receive the same levels of monitoring from families and schools as they did during the elementary school years."
The authors caution that it is important not to over-reach in interpreting the advantages of sports. For example, contrary to reports from some prior studies, children in the study who played sports did not report engaging in any less delinquent activity than those not involved with sports. "Clearly, sweeping pronouncements about benefits or risks of sports involvement are not warranted based on the current data," said the researchers. "This said, the news from this project is generally quite heartening, with multiple indicators of positive adjustment favoring sports involved youth."
Presentation: "Functions of Sport for Urban Middle School Children," Loren Bush, James McHale, Ph.D., Penelope Vinden, Ph.D., Derek Richer, David Shaw and Brienne Smith, Clark University; Session 2092, 9:00 - 10:50 AM, August 25, 2001, Moscone Center - South Building, Exhibit Hall A (A-2).
Full text of the article is available from the APA Public Affairs Office
Study co-author James McHale, Ph.D., is available for interviews at 508-793-7105 or JMcHale@clarku.edu
Sports and Rural African American Girls
A study involving approximately 4,000 high school female African American students (grades 9-12) from rural communities (population of less than 10,000) finds that sports participation may actually increase the likelihood of delinquent behaviors and substance use. The study also indicates that sports participation did not appear to provide a deterrent to gang involvement, which itself was strongly related to delinquency and substance use.
Data in the current study came from a previous sample used in a study of rural adolescent drug use ("Drug Use in Rural America," Ruth W. Edwards, Ph.D., Colorado State University). The students were asked to report on their alcohol and drug use, along with questions dealing with self-reported and peer violence, gang involvement and sports involvement.
Study author Matthew J. Taylor, Ph.D., of the University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse says the rural environment of the youth in his study has important influences. First, substance use has been shown to be a very real part of rural life, and in some cases, more so than urban settings, says Dr. Taylor. Also, he says there are fewer peers in rural areas. "If one does not wish to hang out with peers who are involved in drug use, there may not be many options for those youth as opposed to urban youth who may have more access to a wider variety of peer groups."
It is obvious from the results of other research that some rural girls do benefit from sports participation, according to Dr. Taylor, and that it can be a deterrent for substance use and delinquency. However, he says the reasons for the different influences of sports participation require additional research. "I think that the influence of sports is quite indirect, and researchers should look at a variety of other variables such as peer groups and ultimately the meaning behind sports participation and competition, which may explain the difference in benefits of sports participation for rural and urban youth."
Presentation: "Sports Participation, Delinquency, and Substance Use Among Rural African American Girls," Matthew J. Taylor, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse; Session 4177, 1:00 - 1:50 PM, August 27, 2001, Moscone Center - South Building, Exhibit Hall C (443).
Full text of the article is available from the APA Public Affairs Office
Study author Matthew J. Taylor, Ph.D., is available for interviews at 608-785-6450 or taylor.matt@uwlax.edu
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