TROY, N.Y. - George Plopper, assistant professor of biology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, has been awarded a four-year, $2.6 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to continue research into the development of what Plopper refers to as "bone spackle," an engineered tissue that may one day be used to help bone injuries heal faster and stronger.
Plopper's work may lead to breakthroughs in the treatment of bone injuries and breaks, hip and knee replacements, and arthritis.
Trying To Do What Comes Naturally
Plopper and graduate students Roman Salasznyk and Rob Klees work with adult human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) that have the specialized potential to become one of three forms of connective tissue – bone, cartilage, or fat. These adult stem cells are extracted from banked bone marrow samples and then grown in the Rensselaer biology lab. Kristen Bennett, associate professor of mathematical sciences at Rensselaer, is providing the predictive analysis equations that ultimately will sort out the set of conditions that will cause the hMSC to differentiate into bone cells. Also on the team is consultant Deepak Vashishth, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Rensselaer, and Adele Boskey, professor of biochemical and cellular and molecular biology and director of research at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York.
Chemicals are often used in culture dishes to artificially stimulate hMSC to differentiate into bone. In the body, however, these chemicals can cause a number of problems including liver toxicity, immune system disorders, and infection. Plopper's goal is to develop bone reliably from stem cells without the use of chemicals. The researchers have selected a specific protein, called focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a decision-making protein that may signal stem cells to become bone at an early stage of differentiation. The researchers hope that "turning on" FAK will be a chemical-free method of creating engineered bone cells that could be safely used in people who eventually receive such treatment.
The researchers also want to learn to recognize when stem cells begin the transformation to bone, as opposed to turning into cartilage or fat. "Markers already exist for fully differentiated mature bone cells," said Plopper, "but it is more difficult to discern the point where stem cells begin to change in the direction of becoming bone." The new grant will allow Plopper and his team to discover and document the conditions that allow hMSC to differentiate into bone reliably and without the use of artificial growth stimulants.
Treating Future Breaks With Bone Spackle
Someday, these engineered bone cells could be directly injected into the site of a bone injury. Or, in the form of a paste, the cells could serve as a bone "spackle" spread onto the ends of fractured bones, or used to fill in a crack. Similar to a skin graft, applying this veritable jumpstart of bone cells would mean that "healing time should decrease significantly," said Plopper. "And that would mean patients wouldn't have to wear casts for as long as they do now."
The researchers hope that the engineered bone cells could be useful for healing almost any kind of bone injury or trauma – an application of bone cells could strengthen the attachment of hip or knee replacements, for example, and may even be able to repair the painful degradation of bone ends that occurs in severe cases of arthritis.
Plopper's research is part of Rensselaer's overall effort to advance biotechnology discoveries for the benefit of public health, the environment, homeland security, bioterrorism, and for positive economic development locally and globally.
About Rensselaer
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1824, is the nation's oldest technological university. The school offers degrees in engineering, the sciences, information technology, architecture, management, and the humanities and social sciences. Institute programs serve students and working professionals around the world. Rensselaer faculty members are known for pre-eminence in research conducted in a wide range of research centers characterized by strong industry partnerships. The Institute is known for its success transferring technology from the lab to the marketplace, allowing new discoveries and inventions to benefit human life, protect the environment, and strengthen economic development.
CONTACT:
Joely Johnson
Johnjs2@rpi.edu
518-276-6098
Definitions:
- Tissue engineering: the creation of tissues or organs to replace lost form or function
- Cell differentiation: the series of steps involved in the development of a specialized cell having specific structural, functional, and biochemical properties.
(Source: McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)