A concern that perchlorate would make its way into the human food chain through vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower and lettuce has been the stimulus for research by University of Arizona Research Scientist Charles Sanchez, director of the Yuma Agricultural Center, part of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
Perchlorate is one of the main ingredients of solid rocket propellant. Improper disposal of perchlorate-containing chemicals may result in contaminated soil and water. Because it can affect humans by inhibiting the thyroid's uptake of iodine, Sanchez has been evaluating the extent to which perchlorate is found in desert food crops irrigated with Colorado River water. Perchlorate levels in water have been as high as 14 parts per billion, detected at Lake Mead, the reservoir behind Hoover Dam.
"What I measure in water at the Imperial Diversion Dam near Yuma ranges from two to seven parts per billion," Sanchez says. The lower concentrations may be due to biological factors, such as uptake by aquatic and riparian plant species along the river, and perhaps microbial reduction. It appears that microbial organisms capable of reducing perchlorate to chloride are fairly widespread, however conditions that favor this reaction rarely exist in nature.
A preliminary survey conducted in 2002-2003 generally found perchlorate concentrations near or below detection for most vegetable crop species sampled, including most vegetables eaten as roots and fruits. The exception was leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, where the foliage is consumed. However, for iceberg lettuce most of the perchlorate was in the frame and wrapper leaves that are discarded and not the head, which is consumed.
Sanchez hopes to expand this preliminary survey into a more comprehensive, statistically rigorous, geo-referenced study across a wider range of leafy vegetables over the next couple of seasons. Initial funding came from the Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council and a cooperative agreement with the USDA-ARS (Agricultural Research Service).
Sanchez is continuing his work funded by the Arizona Iceberg Lettuce Research Council during 2003-2004 by looking at some of the factors affecting uptake of perchlorate by plants. There is considerable variation in the perchlorate accumulation within lettuce despite the fact that all of Yuma's lettuce is irrigated with the same water.
"Perhaps fertilization practices, water management practices, or genetic variation are important," Sanchez says. "We are also concerned with potential sources of perchlorate in addition to irrigation water." Sanchez added that recent EPA and USGS studies have identified certain fertilizers and agricultural amendments as sources of perchlorate.
Other important research issues Sanchez plans to pursue include evaluation of the extent to which perchlorate has accumulated in soils and to what extent it has tainted local groundwater sources. He has recently teamed up with a toxicologist from the University of California at Riverside where this data will be used for preliminary exposure and risk assessment research.
The debate over the suitable standard of perchlorate in water and how much is safe for human consumption has been turned over to the National Academy of Sciences, Sanchez says.
"With conclusions possibly by mid-2004, the Food and Drug Administration can develop recommendations based on how much salad people consume daily, and what the relative source contribution is, both from water that's tainted with perchlorate and from food that's tainted with perchlorate."